Abstract
We have studied the excitation second-order nonlinearity through a triangular lattice perforated gold film instead of square lattice in many papers. Under the excitation of surface plasmas resonance effect, the second order nonlinearity exists in the noncentrosymmetric split-ring resonators arrays. Reflection of fundamental frequency wave through a triangular lattice perforated gold film is obtained. We also described the second harmonic conversion efficiencies in the second order nonlinear optical process with the spectra. Moreover, the electric field distributions of fundamental frequency above the gold film region are calculated. The light propagation through the holes results in the enhancement of the second order nonlinearity including second harmonic generation as well as the sum (difference) frequency generation.
1. Introduction
Nonlinear optical responses have been subject of intensive studies due to the development of nanofabrication techniques [1–6]. Second harmonic generation (SHG) is a powerful tool for probing physical and structure properties of the interface and surface of materials [7–12]. The SHG in square lattice with different structures, such as double-hole arrays or semiconductor nanoparticles arrays, has also been well studied [12, 13]. The underlying physical mechanism of SHG in metal nanoparticles has been explored numerically and experimentally [14–18]. The plasmonic oscillations of the conduction electrons inside the metal can induce the localized surface plasmon (SP) resonances. These localized surface plasmon (SP) resonances play important role in the process of nonlinear optical responses. The SHG from different SP resonance configurations such as split-ring resonators [17, 18], sharp metal tips [19, 20], metallodielectric multilayer structures [21], imperfect spheres [22, 23], and L-shaped and T-shaped nanoparticles [9, 24–26] has been investigated. The theory of second harmonic generation (SHG) in three-dimensional structures consisting of arbitrary distributions of metallic spheres made of centrosymmetric materials is developed by means of multiple scattering of electromagnetic multipole fields [27]. Other theoretical methods with various kinds of approaches for the SHG have been developed by using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method [13].
In this work, we present the surface plasmas excitation of the SHG in three-dimensional triangular lattice structures consisting of noncentrosymmetric split-ring resonators. We obtained the reflection spectra of fundamental frequency wave through a triangular lattice structures consisting of split-ring resonators. We also described the SH conversion efficiencies in the second-order nonlinear optical process with the spectra of second harmonic generation field. We find that the SH conversion efficiencies of SHG signal are in the range of about 10−12–10−14. The electric field distributions of fundamental frequency and second harmonic are also calculated by FDTD simulation. We have investigated the second-harmonic generation (SHG), sum frequency generation (SFG), and difference frequency generation (DFG). The enhanced SP resonance causes the increase of local second-order nonlinearity.
2. Theory and Method
Second-order nonlinearity of split-ring resonators nanostructures has been studied with the classical theoretical method in [13]. We consider the three-dimensional triangular lattice structures consisting of gold split-ring resonators.
The permittivity of the gold split-ring resonators has the form The is collision frequency, and is the plasma frequency of gold. The plasma frequency and collision frequency are taken as and , respectively.
There are two computational loops for the calculations of the fundamental and second harmonic fields in the FDTD program. The FDTD method to calculate the first-order field at the fundamental frequency has been discussed in [13]. The FDTD approach is also applied for the numerical calculation of the second-order equations. If we consider the second-order nonlinearity of the gold, the electric and magnetic field can be obtained as follows:
Here, represents the , , and coordinates. and represent the current density vectors of fundamental and harmonic waves, respectively. and , , and are the electric field and magnetic flux intensity vectors of fundamental and harmonic waves, respectively. is the ion density, is the electron mass, and is the nonlinear source of the plasma for second-order nonlinearity, respectively.
The structure of a triangular lattice perforated gold film is shown in Figure 1. The perfectly matched absorbing boundary conditions are employed at the bottom and top of the computational space along the direction, and the periodic boundary conditions are used on the boundaries of and directions. The incident wave is polarized along the direction and propagates along the -axis. The triangular lattice structure consists of split-ring resonators with the thickness nm and the lattice periodic nm. The unit cell shape of split-ring resonator has nm, nm, and nm. The input light wave is polarized along the direction and propagates along the direction.
3. Results and Discussions
First, the normalized reflection (transmission and absorption) spectra of fundamental frequency wave through a triangular lattice perforated gold film are investigated here, and the calculation results are shown in Figure 2. There are two different SP resonance modes at the wavelengths 636 nm and 1548 nm for reflection spectra. These localized SP resonances at the wavelengths 636 nm and 1548 nm play important role in the process of nonlinear optical responses. The nonlinear optical responses from different SP resonance in split-ring resonators can result as different second-order nonlinearity.
To obtain the SHG with a triangular lattice perforated gold film patterns, the input light wave is polarized along the y direction with wavelengths or : where is amplitude. We consider the wavelengths nm or nm in (3) in order to satisfy the transmission of the fundamental frequency waves, respectively.
When the continuous wave at wavelength nm is incident through the triangular lattice perforated gold film, one can see Fourier transform spectrum (FTS) of fundamental frequency wave at the wavelength 636 nm in Figure 3(a). The FTS of the and the component of SHG at the wavelength 318 nm in Figures 3(b)-3(c), respectively, are also shown. To describe the SH conversion efficiencies in the second-order nonlinear optical process, the normalized SH intensity is defined as follows: where is the freqency of the incident FF wave. The -polarized SH conversion efficiencies are about 10−13 while the -polarized SH conversion efficiencies are about 10−14 for the fundamental frequency wave at the wavelength 636 nm as shown in Figures 3(b)-3(c). The electric field distributions of and for fundamental frequency field above the gold film region at wavelengths 636 nm are also shown in Figures 4(a)-4(b), respectively.
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When the continuous wave at wavelengths nm is incident through the triangular lattice perforated gold film, one can see FTS of fundamental frequency wave at the wavelength 1548 nm in Figure 5(a). The FTS of the and the component of SHG at the wavelength 774 nm in Figures 5(b)-5(c), respectively, are also shown. The -polarized SH conversion efficiencies are about 10−12 while the -polarized SH conversion efficiencies are about 10−14 for the fundamental frequency wave at the wavelength 1548 nm as shown in Figures 5(b)-5(c). The electric field distribution of and for fundamental frequency field above the gold film region at wavelengths 1548 nm is also shown in Figures 6(a)-6(b), respectively.
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To obtain the second-order nonlinearity including second-harmonic generation as well as the sum (difference) frequency generation of the triangular lattice gold film with split-ring resonators patterns, the input light wave is polarized along the direction with two different wavelengths and where is amplitude. We consider two wavelengths nm and nm in (5).
When the continuous wave with two different wavelengths 636 nm and 1548 nm is incident through the triangular lattice perforated gold film, it is found that there are four peaks for second-order nonlinearity at the wavelengths 318 nm, 451 nm, 774 nm, and 1080 nm in Figure 7, respectively. The second-order nonlinearity modes at wavelengths 318 nm and 774 nm are obtained from the SP modes of two incident continuous waves with wavelengths 636 nm and 1548 nm due to the SHG effect, respectively. The second-order nonlinearity mode at wavelengths 451 nm is the sum frequency field signals for two incident continuous waves with wavelengths 636 nm and 1548 nm. And the SH conversion efficiencies of sum-frequency field signal for two fundamental frequency wave incidence is about 10−13 or 10−14. The second-order nonlinearity mode at wavelength 1080 nm is the difference frequency field for two incident continuous waves with wavelengths 636 nm and 1548 nm. The transmission of the fundamental light results from an enhancement of the local field. The strong local SP resonance induces an increase of the four second-order nonlinearity signals. The enhancement of the second-order nonlinearity signals include second-harmonic generation as well as the sum (difference) frequency generation.
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4. Conclusions
Unlike SGH in square lattice perforated gold film in many papers, we have studied the excitation of second-order nonlinearity signals through a triangular lattice perforated gold film due to surface plasmas resonance effect. Based on the FDTD method, the SH conversion efficiencies in the second-order nonlinear optical process are studied. The electric field distributions of fundamental frequency are calculated. The second-order nonlinearity phenomenon including second-harmonic generation as well as the sum (difference) frequency generation is shown in our paper.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 11247003 and 51175172. The authors would especially like to thank Dr. Yong Zeng for the discussion of FDTD simulations.