Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Findings Determine Research Priorities

Table 5

Elemental ash composition of different biomass.

Sample	SiO2	CaO	K2O	P2O5	Al2O3	MgO	Fe2O3	SO3	Na2O	TiO2
Wood and woody biomass
Eucalyptus bark	10.04	57.74	9.29	2.35	3.1	10.91	1.12	3.47	1.86	0.12
Poplar bark	1.86	77.31	8.93	2.48	0.62	2.36	0.74	0.74	4.84	0.12
Willow	6.1	46.09	23.4	13.01	1.96	4.03	0.74	3	1.61	0.06
Wood residue	53.15	11.66	4.85	1.37	12.64	3.06	6.24	1.99	4.47	0.57
Herbaceous and agriculture biomass
Bamboo whole	9.92	4.46	53.38	20.33	0.67	6.57	0.67	3.68	0.31	0.01
Miscanthus	56.42	10.77	19.75	5.54	0.79	3.01	0.94	2.28	0.47	0.03
Sorghum grass	73.21	7.02	8.97	4.43	1.83	2.21	0.95	1.11	0.25	0.02
Sweet sorghum	66.85	10.41	4.49	3.47	0.81	3.12	0.58	3.47	1.47	0.06
Switchgrass	66.25	10.21	9.64	3.92	2.22	4.71	1.36	0.83	0.58	0.28
Wheat straw	50.35	8.21	24.89	3.54	1.54	2.74	0.88	4.24	3.52	0.09
Rice husks	94.48	0.97	2.29	0.54	0.21	0.19	0.22	0.92	0.16	0.02
Sugar cane bagasse	46.79	4.91	6.95	3.87	14.6	4.56	11.12	3.57	1.61	2.02
Sunflower husks	23.66	15.31	28.53	7.13	8.75	7.33	4.27	4.07	0.8	0.15
Other biomass varieties
Chicken litter	5.77	56.85	12.19	15.4	1.01	4.11	0.45	3.59	0.6	0.03
Mixed waste paper	28.62	7.63	0.16	0.2	53.53	2.4	0.82	1.73	0.54	4.37
Refuse-derived fuel	38.67	26.81	0.23	0.77	14.54	6.45	6.26	3.01	1.36	1.9
Sewage sludge	33.28	13.04	1.6	15.88	12.91	2.49	15.7	2.05	2.25	0.8
Wood yard waste	60.1	23.92	2.98	1.98	3.08	2.17	1.98	2.46	1.01	0.32