Towards a Low-Cost Mobile Subcutaneous Vein Detection Solution Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Table 3

Risk factors for difficult IV insertion [7, 8, 10, 70].

Risk parameter
Dehydration
History of difficult access
Dark skin
Obesity
Hypotension
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Poor vein quality
History of previous IV insertions
Advanced age
Young age, preterm and term neonates
Drug abuse
History of chemotherapy
Telangiectasia
Skin rash
Low skill of the operator