Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Rectangular Heated Pipe for Turbulent Nanofluid

Table 1

Thermophysical properties of the base fluid and the nanoparticles used in this study [4, 30, 31].

Property	Pure water	Al2O3	CuO	SiO2	ZnO
Density,; (kg/m³)	998.2	3970	6500	2200	5600
Specific heat,; Cp (J/kg·K)	4182	765	535.6	703	495.2
Thermal conductivity,; (W/m·K)	0.6	40	20	1.2	13
Dynamic viscosity,; (Ns/m²)	0.001003	—	—	—	—