The Interaction of Bacteria with Engineered Nanostructured Polymeric Materials: A Review

Table 1

Techniques used in determining bacteria-material adhesion.

Viable bacteria counting methods	Microscopy for counting and  morphological observation	Other direct and indirect methods	Molecular biological techniques	Determination  of   bacterial surface characteristics	Methods of evaluating biofilms
(i) CFU plate counting; (ii) Radiolabelling; (iii) CTC staining; (iv) Resazurin assay; (v) FDA assay	(i) Light microscopy; (ii) Image-analyzed epifluorescence; (iii) SEM; (iv) CLSM; (v) AFM; (vi) FTIR	(i) Spectrophotometry; (ii) Coulter count; (iii) Biochemical markers		Contact angle measurements	Morphology: (i) Image-analyzed epifluorescence; (ii) SEM; (iii) CLSM; (iv) AFM; Biofilm content: (i) Crystal violet assay; (ii) Syto 9; (iii) Resazurin; (iv) FDA assay