Yarrowia lipolytica and Its Multiple Applications in the Biotechnological Industry

Table 1

Substrates, nitrogen sources, type of fermentation used to produce citric acid (CA), lipids, lipase, and biomass by Y.  lipolytica.

Substrate	Nitrogen source	Fermentation	Product	Reference
Glucose	Ammonium nitrate and yeast extract	SmF	CA	Antonucci et al. (2001) [40]
Ethanol	Ammonium sulphate and hydrolyzed yeast	SmF	CA	Arzumanov et al. (2000) [38]
n-Paraffin	Iron nitrate	SmF	CA	Crolla and Kennedy (2001) ] [44
Ethanol	Ammonium sulfate	SmF	CA	Finogenova et al. (2002) [45]
Glycerol	Yeast extract	SmF	CA	Imandi et al. (2007) [47]
Pineapple residue	Yeast extract	SSF	CA	Imandi et al. (2008) [92]
Sunflower oil	Ammonium sulfate and yeast extract	SmF	CA	Kamzolova et al., (2008) [48]
Sucrose, glucose, and glycerol	Ammonium chloride	SmF	CA	Lazar et al. (2011) [93]
Glycerol	Ammonium sulfate	SmF	CA	Levinson et al. (2007) [46]
Glycerol	Ammonium sulfate and yeast extract	SmF	CA	Papanikolaou et al. (2002) [60]; Makri et al. (2010) [52]
Glucose	Ammonium chloride and yeast extract	SmF	CA	Karasu-Yalcin et al. (2010) [41]
Glucose and stearin	Ammonium sulfate and yeast extract	SmF	CA and lipids	Papanikolaou et al. (2006) [94]
Methanol	Peptone and yeast and malt extracts	SmF	Lipids	Rupčić et al. (1996) [63]
Glucose and olive oil	Peptone and yeast extract	SmF	Lipids and lipase	Najjar et al. (2011) [11]
Industrial fats (stearin)	Peptone and yeast extract	SmF	Lipids	Papanikolaou et al. (2001) [61]
Stearin	Ammonium sulfate and yeast extract	SmF	Lipids, lipase, and biomass	Papanikolaou et al. (2007) [16]
Coconut fat	Ammonium sulfate	SSF	Saturated fatty acid	Parfene et al. (2013) [95]
Sugar cane bagasse	Peptone	SmF	Lipid	Tsigie et al. (2011) [67]
Olive oil, corn oil, and glucose	Urea	SmF	Lipase	Corzo and Revah (1999) [96]
Olive oil	Urea	SmF	CA, lipase, and biomass	Darvishi et al. (2009) [97]
Olive oil	Peptone and yeast extract	SmF	Lipase	Deive et al. (2003) [84]
Olive oil	Peptone	SmF	Lipase	Gonçalves et al. (2013) [98]

CA: citric acid; SmF: submerged fermentation; SSF: solid substrate fermentation.