Validation of a Novel Virtual Reality Simulator for Robotic Surgery

Table 4

Face validity (training capacity).

Questions	Group 1; Novice; (𝑛=15)	Group 2; Intermediate; (𝑛=14)	Group 3; Expert; (𝑛=13)	Mean; (𝑛=42)
Training capacity simulator in general; (1 = very bad…5 = very good)	4.7±0.5	4.8±0.4	4.5±0.5	4.6±0.5
Training capacity simulator regarding; (1 = very bad…5 = very good)
Eye-hand coordination	4.5±0.5	4.5±0.9	4.5±0.7	4.5±0.7
Camera navigation	4.3±1.1	4.5±0.7	4.6±0.9	4.6±0.9
Instrument navigation	4.1±1.1	4.6±0.5	4.5±0.5	4.4±0.8
Use of pedals and clutch	4.5±1.1	4.6±0.6	4.7±0.5	4.6±0.8
The simulator is useful for training; (1 = very unuseful…5 = very useful)
Junior residents (postgraduate year 1–3)	4.5±1.1	4.5±1.2	4.9±0.3	4.6±0.9
Senior residents (postgraduate year 4–6)	4.5±0.6	4.4±1.2	4.6±0.8	4.5±0.9
Fellow’s and regular consultants (starting robotics)	4.5±0.7	4.9±0.4	4.7±0.6	4.7±0.6
Robotic experts	3.2±1.3	3.4±1.3	3.2±1.5	3.3±1.4
The simulator is useful for; (1 = very un useful…5 = very useful)
Warmup for robotic surgery	3.9±1.3	3.6±1.5	2.7±1.5	3.4±1.4
Retention of robotic skills	3.8±1.1	4.0±1.1	2.9±1.6	3.6±1.3

Values expressed in mean on a 1 to 5 Likert scale ± SD.