Research Article
Validation of a Novel Virtual Reality Simulator for Robotic Surgery
Table 5
Construct validity.
| | Exercise and parameters | Group 1
Novice
() | Group 2
Intermediate
() | Group 3
Expert
() | Significant difference
() |
| | Exercise 1 “Camera Targeting” | | | | | | Errors () | | | | 1 2 (), 1 3 () | | Drops () | | | | | | Economy of motion (cm) | | | | 1 2 (), 1 3 (), 2 3 () | | Excessive instrument force (sec) | | | | | | Instrument collisions () | | | | 1 3 () | | Instrument(s) out of view (cm) | | | | | | Master workspace range (cm) | | | | 1 3 () | | Time to complete (sec) | | | | 1 3 (), 2 3 () | | Exercise 2 “Thread the Rings” | | | | | | Errors () | | | | 1 2 (), 1 3 () | | Drops () | | | | | | Economy of motion (cm) | | | | 1 2 (), 1 3 () | | Excessive instrument force (sec) | | | | | | Instrument collisions () | | | | 1 2 (), 1 3 () | | Instrument(s) out of view (cm) | | | | | | Master workspace range (cm) | | | | | | Time to complete (sec) | | | | 1 2 (), 1 3 () | | Exercise 3 “Peg Board” | | | | | | Errors () | | | | | | Drops () | | | | 1 3 () | | Economy of motion (cm) | | | | 1 3 (), 2 3 () | | Excessive instrument force (sec) | | | | | | Instrument collisions () | | | | | | Instrument(s) out of view (cm) | | | | | | Master workspace Range (cm) | | | | | | Time to complete (sec) | | | | 1 2 (), 1 3 (), 2 3 () |
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Values expressed in mean SD.
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