Asexual Reproduction in Holothurians

Table 1

Features of asexual reproduction in holothurians.

	Fission method	Site of fission; (anterior/posterior)	Duration of fission	Bias sex ratio	Comments
Aspidochirotida
Holothuriidae
Holothuria atra	c/t/s [62]	4 : 5 [61]	n	m f [44]
H. difficilis	n	n	n	m f [63]
H. edulis	t/s [64]	n	n	n
H. hilla [38]	n	n	n	n
H. leucospilota	c [49]	1 : 4 [49]	n	n
H. parvula	n	1 : 1 [60]	n	n
H. portovallartensis [55]	n	n	n	n	Confirmation is needed
H. surinamensis	c [40]	1 : 1 [40]	1–5 d [40]	n
H. theeli [50]	n	n	n	n
Stichopodidae
Stichopus chloronotus	c/s [56]	1 : 1 [58]	5 min [56]	m f [59]
S. monotuberculatus [45]	n	n	n	n	Former S. horrens [44], confirmation is needed
S. naso [45]	n	1 : 1	n	n	Former S. horrens [53], confirmation is needed
Parastichopus californicus	b [51]				Larvae
Dendrochirotida
Cucumariidae
Cucuvitrum rowei	n	fr [29]	n	n
Ocnus lactea	n	fr^1	n	n
O. planci	c, s, t [39]	fr [39]	14 h [39]	m f [39]
Squamocnus aureoruber	c/s [48]	1 : 1 [48]	n	n
Staurothyone inconspicua	c [29]	1 : 1 [29]	n	n	Confirmation is needed
Colochirus robustus	c/s [25]	2 : 1 [25]	~24 h [25]	n
Sclerodactylidae
Cladolabes schmeltzi	c/s [26]	1 : 1 [26]	24 h [26]	m f^2
Phyllophoridae
Havelockia versicolor^3	n	n	n	n	Confirmation is needed

b—budding; c—fission by constriction; f—female; fr—fragmentation; m—male; n—no data; s—fission by stretching; t—fission by twisting.
¹Dalyell, 1851, cited by Monticelli [39]; ²Kamenev and Dolmatov, unpublished data; ³Semper (cited by Monticelli [39]).