Biomechanics of Gait during Pregnancy

Table 1

Studies included in the review, listed by chronological order of publication, regarding authors, sample size, data collection phases, sample mean age, outcome variables, and biomechanical instruments used.

Authors	Sample size ()	Data collection phase(s)	Sample mean age (years)	Outcome variables	Biomechanical instruments
Foti et al. (2000) [3]	2, before pregnancy; 15, 3rd trimester; 13, postpartum	3rd trimester; 1 year postpartum	32	Time and distance; Kinematic; Kinetic	60 Hz video cameras; 1 AMTI force platform
Huang et al. (2002) [17]	10, experimental group; 10, control group	1st trimester; 2nd trimester; 3rd trimester	⋯	Joint moments	EVA motion analysis system
Lymbery and Gilleard (2005) [10]	13	3rd trimester; 8 weeks postpartum	27.8 ± 1.2	Spatial; Temporal; Ground reaction forces	60 Hz EVA motion analysis system; 1 Kistler force platform
Carpes et al. (2008) [14]	7	2nd trimester; 3rd trimester; Until 4th month postpartum	23 to 35	Spatial; Temporal; 3D kinematics	60 Hz video cameras
Falola et al. (2009) [16]	124	From 2nd to 9th months of gestation	26 ± 4.6	Spatial; Temporal	Pedometers Dista F100 Basic
Hagan and Wong (2010) [13]	2	Before pregnancy; 1st trimester; 2nd trimester; 3rd trimester; 12 to 16 weeks postpartum	21 and 39	Spatial; Temporal; 2D kinematics	30 Hz video cameras
Forczek and Staszkiewicz (2012) [12]	13	Before; 3rd trimester; Half year postpartum	29.15 ± 3.5	Time and distance; ROM; Base of support	Vicon 250 3D system
Branco et al. (2013) [11]	22	2nd and 3rd trimesters	32.5 ± 2.6	Spatial; Temporal; 3D kinematics	200 Hz Qualisys Oqus 300
Gilleard (2013) [15]	9	18, 24, 32, and 38 weeks; 8 weeks postpartum	32.5 ± 4.3	Spatial; Temporal; Trunk kinematics	60 Hz EVA motion analysis system; 1 Kistler force platform

2D: two-dimensional analysis; 3D: three-dimensional analysis; ROM: range of motion.