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| Study | Qualitative method | Participants | Sampling and setting | Data collection aims and focus |
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| Anderson (2013) [27] | Semistructured interviews | 13 (10♂) patients with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: not given
Median age: 66.5 years (range, 44 to 80 years)
Time with illness: not obtained
Hoehn and Yahr stage
1 = stage 2
8 = stage 3
4 = stage 4
1 = stage 5 | Sampling: purposive (those having surgery)
Setting: participants homes | Focus was on the preoperative experiences of care
14 surgeries, 10 = orthopaedic, 2 = cardiac, 1 = hernia, 1 = battery replacement |
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| Andersson and Sidenvall (2001) [28] | Case studies | 10 women with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 74.1 ± 4.1 years
Median age: 75 years (range, 67–80 years)
Mean time with illness: ≈8.7 ± 3.3 years
Median time with illness: ≈10 years (range 4–14 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: purposive or random (from geriatric and neurological clinic register)
Interviews location: participants homes | Identify how women with Parkinson’s disease managed to cook and shop and consider if their nutritional needs were met |
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| Banks and Lawrence (2006) [29] | One-to-one interviews (likely semistructured) | 24 (10♂) patients with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 51.6 years, no further details
Median age: not given (range, 43–61 years)
Mean time with illness: 4.2 years (in employment), 8.6 years (not in employment)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: purposive (selected on the basis of gender, employment, and time since diagnosis)
Interview location: not clear | Focus on assessing the impact on Parkinson’s on employment |
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| Benharoch and Wiseman (2004) [62] | Semistructured interviews, combined with a researcher diary and participant diary | 8 (4♂) patients with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 3 over 65 years, 7 under 65 years, no further details given
Median age: not given
Mean time with illness: 9.2 ± 5.9 years
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: snowball sampling was used.
Interview location: not clear | Focus on participation in self-care and the use of occupations and the meaning ascribed to them |
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| Bingham and Habermann (2006) [30] | Individual and family semistructured interviews | 56 participants with Parkinson’s disease and primary caregivers
Mean age of individuals with Parkinson’s disease: 71 years (range, 41–87 years)
Mean age of caregivers: 71 years (range, 44–88 years)
Mean time with illness: not given (range, 6–9 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage
Either stage 3 or stage 4 (no further details given) | Sampling: maximum variation sample
Interview location: not clear | Consider if spirituality assists individuals with Parkinson’s in the management of the day to day experiences of the illness |
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Bramley and Eatough (2014) [31] | Case study | 1 female
Age: 62 years
Hoehn and Yahr stage 4 | Sampling: case study
Interview location: not identified | Three interviews consider life history, impact of diagnosis, issues of medication, and the future |
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| Brigersson and Edberg (2004) [32] | Semistructured interviews | 6 couples or 12 individuals (6 = ♂) (6 with Parkinson’s disease, 3 = ♂)
Mean age of individuals with Parkinson’s: 71.2 ± 5.8 years (range, 61–75 years)
Mean age of spouse: 74.3 ± 4.7 years (range, 66–82 years)
Mean duration of illness: 11.8 ± 8.2 years
Hoehn and Yahr stage not given | Sampling: purposive sample of couples (married or cohabiting)
Interview location: respondents homes | Consider the support experience of individuals with Parkinson’s disease and their partner |
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| Buetow et al. (2012) [33] | Semistructured interviews | 22 individuals (13 with Parkinson’s disease, 9 = ♂)
Mean age: not given
Median age: not given (range not provided, age groupings, 6 = <65 years, 12 = 65–74 years, 4 = 75+ years)
Means time with illness: 11.0 ± 5.6 years
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: maximum variation through national advertisement
Interview location: telephone interviews | Explore the meaning and significance of patient safety events in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.
Site locations 15 = hospital or general practice, 7 = other places |
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Caap-Ahlgren et al. (2002) [34] | Semistructured interviews | 8 women with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 70 years (range, 63–80)
Mean time since diagnosis: not given (range, 5–15 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage
Stage 1 = 1
Stage 2 = 2
Stage 3 = 3
Stage 4 = 1
Stage 5 = 1 | Sampling: purposive sample of couples (range of age, duration of illness, civil status, and dwelling)
Interview location: respondents homes | Explore experience of women living with Parkinson’s disease. |
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| Charlton and Barrow (2002) [35] | Semistructured interviews | 8 (3 = ♂) participants with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 62 years (range, 62–86)
Mean duration of illness: 3 years (range, = 3–8 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: convenience sample
Interview location: respondents homes, except one who was interviewed in hospital interview room | Consider the consequences of living with Parkinson’s disease. Coping methods were considered that help psychological distress and if coping was related to group membership |
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| Davis et al. (2003) [36] | Focus group interviews | 9 individuals (6 = ♂) with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 70.6 ± 10.8 years (range, 51–85 years)
Mean duration of illness: 9.8 ± 5.4 years (range, 3–20 years).
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: convenience sample (advertisement in local hospitals, outpatients rehabilitation, and community Parkinson’s groups)
Interview location: local church where the Parkinson’s support group held their meetings | Focus on challenges to walking, the loss of balance and falls experience, general mobility, and exercise |
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| Delaney et al. (2012) [37] | Semistructured interviews | 10 individuals (7 = ♂) with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 56.8 ± 8.1 years (range, 49–70 years)
Mean duration of illness: 8.4 ± 3.5 years (range, 4–15 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: purposive with a focus on individuals with impulse control behaviours
Interview locations: unclear | Consider the perspective of individuals with Parkinson’s on impulse control behaviours |
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| Den Oudsten et al. (2011) [38] | Focus group interviews | 38 (24 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease, 8 (6 = ♂) caregivers, and 8 (3 = ♂) health care professionals
Patients with Parkinson’s disease
Pooled mean age: 67.4 ± 6.6 years
Mean duration of illness:
caregivers
Pooled mean age: 55.0 ± 6.4 years
Health care professionals
Pooled mean age: 40.5 ± 7.5 years
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: purposive (adults 18–65 years) identified by neurologist
Interview locations: multiple including educational facilities, outpatient clinics, and hospitals | Consider a qualitative understanding of what quality of life means for individuals with Parkinson’s disease |
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| Drey et al. (2012) [39] | Semistructured interviews | 15 (9 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease, 3 (? = ♂) carers
Mean age: not given (range, 44–74 years)
Mean duration with illness: not given (range, 1–17 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: purposive (those responsible for managing their own medication with help of a carer)
Interview location: hospital setting following routine clinic appointment | Consider the role and value of Parkinson’s nurses for patients and some carers |
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| Elliott and Velde (2005) [40] | Semistructured interviews | 7 individuals (3 = ♂) with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: not given (range, 55–79 years old)
Mean duration of illness: not given (range, 3–18 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: purposive and nominated sampling from Parkinson’s support group
Interview location: not clear | Consideration to the changes in lifestyle, the impact of Parkinson’s on an individual’s occupation and habits, and how occupation is integrated in to life |
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Fleming et al. (2004) [41] | Descriptive case studies | 19 women with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 44 years (range, 34–56 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given (range 18 months–27 years).
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: snowball (women with Parkinson’s from four clinics who would then identify other potential participants)
Interview location: study centre location (educational facility) | Experiences and adjustment made by women to Parkinson’s in relationship to womanhood. |
|
| Habermann (1996) [43] | Semistructured interviews | 16 (9 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 48 years (range, 42–59 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given (range not given, age groupings;
5 = < years, 4 = 5–10 years, 1 = 16 years, no other details given)
Hoehn and Yahr stage
“majority” stages 2-3. | Sampling: purposive (restricted aged range of individuals from “various” neurological practices)
Interview location: not detailed | Consider the day-today experiences of middle aged individuals with Parkinson’s |
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| Harberman (1999) [44] | Semistructured interviews | 16 (9 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 48 years (range, 42–59 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given (range, 1–16 years).
Hoehn and Yahr stage
“majority” stages 2-3 | Sampling: purposive (restricted age range)
Interview location: not detailed | Consider the challenge of Parkinson’s to an individual’s sense of self and ability to cope |
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| Hermanns (2011) [45] | Interviews undertaken | 14 (7 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 68.4 years (range, 38–82 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given (range, not given).
Hoehn and Yahr stage
Stage 1 = 2
Stage 2 = 2
Stage 3 = 3
Stage 4 = 6
Stage 5 = 1 | Sampling: purposive (early onset and either over or under 60 years of age)
Interview location: within a “support group community location” (presumably) | Consider the daily experience of Parkinson’s disease |
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| Hodgson et al. (2004) [46] | Semistructured interviews | 20 individuals
10 (6 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 61.8 years (range, 46–79 years)
Caregiver mean age: 62.4 years (range, 52–79 years)
Mean duration with illness: 7.5 years (range, 2–20 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage
Stage 1 = 2
Stage 2 = 6
Stage 4 = 2 | Sampling: purposive (couples with Parkinson’s)
Interview location: at couple home, except one couple who opted for a business location | Consider the impact of Parkinson’s on the relationship of a couple |
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| Hurt et al. (2012) [47] | Semistructured interviews | 37 individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: not given
Mean duration with illness: not given
Hoehn and Yahr stage:
not detailed | Sampling: purposive (nondepressed and depressed individuals age matched across groups)
Interview location: not detailed | Experience and perception of Parkinson’s disease and its relationship to depression within nondepressed, mild depressed, and moderate-severe depressed individuals. |
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| Jones et al. (2008) [48] | Semistructured interviews | 20 (12 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 65 years (range, 50–80 years)
Mean duration of illness: 10 years (range, 2.5–20 years).
Hoehn and Yahr stage
Stages 1–4 identified (no further details given) | Sampling: purposive (Hoehn and Yahr stage 1–4, no dementia, no severe dyskinesias, no long period making table testing difficult, no severe comorbidity, <80 years old, no medical or joint problems affecting mobility)
Interview location: not detailed | The challenges faced by individuals with Parkinson’s when attempting to walk each day |
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| Liao et al. (2013) [49] | In-depth interviews | 15 (9 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 73 years (range, 65–80 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given (range, 2–15 years).
Hoehn and Yahr stage
Stage 1 = 3
Stage 2 = 5
Stage 3 = 4
Stage 4 = 3 | Sampling: purposive
Interview location: not detailed | To consider the experiences of older Taiwanese individuals during different stages of Parkinson’s disease |
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Lindgren (1996) [50] | Semistructured interview | 6 (3 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: not given (range, 66–78 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given (two reported a range of 2–4 years, four reported a range of 11–25 years).
Hoehn and Yahr stage:
not given | Sampling: purposive
Interview location: not detailed | Identify long term grief or chronic sorrow experienced by individuals |
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| Marr (1991) [51] | Interview (type not given) | 6 (3 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: not given (range, 53–79 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given (range, 2–15 years).
Hoehn and Yahr stage
Stages 1–2 “some”
Stages 3-4 “a few” | Sampling: purposive (Parkinson’s disease for at least a year, being able to understand English, independently ambulatory)
Interview location: own homes | Considered the experience of living with Parkinson’s disease |
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| Miller et al. (2006) [52] | Semistructured interviews | 37 (23 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 70.9 ± 9.6 years (range, 50–88 years)
Mean duration of illness: 9.5 ± 7 years (range, 3–38 years).
Mean Hoehn and Yahr stage: 2.67 ± 0.9 (range, 1–5) | Sampling: purposive (sample had speech and swallowing problems)
Interview location: own homes | Consideration of the onset and impact of speech changes and the strategies used to manage changes |
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| Mshana et al. (2011) [53] | In-depth interviews and focus groups | 34 individuals (32 = ♂)
28 (? = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s disease,
28 carers, 4 health workers, and 2 traditional healers (no further information given on these groups)
Mean age: not given (range, 45–90 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: convenience/purposive (individuals within one district)
Interview location: within community location (no further details given) | Perceptions and experiences of Parkinson’s disease |
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| Oehlberg et al. (2008) [54] | Semistructured interview | 38 (32 = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s
Mean age: 65.5 ± 12.1 (range, not given)
Mean duration of illness: not given
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: convenience (individuals within one centre for Parkinson’s disease that had depression)
Interview location: not clear | Consideration for the preference of Parkinson’s patient of the etiology of and preferred treatment strategies for depression |
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| Olsson et al. (2013) [55] | Semistructured interview | 11 women with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: not give
Median age: 59 years (range, 45–64 years)
Mean duration of illness: not given
Median duration of illness: 7 years (range, 1–13 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: convenience (women identified from one hospital location)
Interview location: 9 in own homes, 2 at university | Women’s experiences of living with Parkinson’s and fatigue |
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| Pretzer-Aboff et al. (2009) [63] | Semistructured interview | 3 (? = ♂) individuals with Parkinson’s
Mean age 78.7 ± 3.5 (range, 75–82 years)
Mean duration of illness: 7.3 ± 7.0 years (range, 1–17 years) | Sampling: purposive (individuals identified from the local community)
Interview location: a quite private place of an individual chosen | Learn about the barriers, facilitators, and help techniques used by individuals with Parkinson’s to aid their functioning |
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| Soleimani et al. (2014) [56] | Semistructured interview | 11 (7 = ♂) with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 71 ± 10.5 years (range, 60–90 years)
Mean duration of illness: 5.4 ± 4.2 years (range, 1–16 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: 2.4 ± 1.1 years (range, 1–5) | Sampling: purposive (individuals identified from one hospital location)
Interview location: in individuals own homes | Consider the effects of Parkinson’s on social connections |
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| Stanley-Hermanns and Engebretson (2010) [57] | Participant observation and in-depth interviews | 14 (7 = ♂) with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 68.4 years (range, 38–82 years)
Mean duration of illness: not identified
Hoehn and Yahr stage:
Stage 1 = 2
Stage 2 = 2
Stage 3 = 3
Stage 4 = 6
Stage 5 = 1 | Sampling: purposive (individuals selected to represent a variation in severity of their disease and ability to articulate)
Interview location: in individuals own homes | Consider how individuals with Parkinson’s manage living with their illness on a day-to-day basis and how individuals construct their illness |
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| Todd et al. (2010) [58] | Semistructured interview | 8 (7 = ♂) with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 70.5 ± 5.6 years (range, 63–79 years)
Mean duration of illness: 10.0 ± 4.5 years (range, 3–19 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: purposive (individuals identified as most appropriate to answer question with experiences of delusions in past 12 months)
Interview location: in individuals own homes | Consider the meaning of delusions that occur as part of Parkinson’s disease |
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| Tolson et al. (2002) [59] | Individual interviews, supported by diaries, books poems, and newsletters | 19 women with Parkinson’s disease
Mean age: 47 years (range, 34–56 years)
Mean duration of illness: 10.0 ± 4.5 years (range, 3–19 years)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: not given | Sampling: purposive (women with gynaecological problems)
Interview location: study centre | Consider how women adjust to womanhood following Parkinson’s and experience and cope with menstruation and gynaecological problems |
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van der Eijk et al. (2011) [60] | Focus groups discussions | 60 individuals
40 (30 = ♂) with Parkinson’s disease,
20 (5 = ♂) carers
Patients with Parkinson’s mean age: 70.5 ± 5.6 years (range, not given)
Carers mean age: 63.0 ± 1.8 years (range, not given)
Mean duration of illness: 6 ± 5 years (range, not given)
Hoehn and Yahr stage: all within stages 1–3. | Sampling: convenience (identified by online web request and from six hospitals)
Interview location: not clear | Consider the quality of care received by patients with Parkinson’s disease and their carers |
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| Whitehead (2010) [61] | Semistructured interview | 8 individuals
4 (3 = ♂) with Parkinson’s disease,
4 (1 = ♂) carers
Patients with Parkinson’s mean age: 64.3 years (range, not given)
Carers mean age: 61.0 years (range, not given)
Duration of illness: all >5 years (range, not given) | Sampling: purposive (identified from local Parkinson’s disease society website)
Interview location: not clear | Explore the perspectives of individuals with Parkinson’s disease and their spouses on the difficulty with communication |
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