Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Nanocellulose: Structure and Chemical Process

Table 1

Chemical composition of common agricultural residues and wastes.

Types of biomass	Lignocellulosic substrate	Cellulose (%)	Hemicellulose (%)	Lignin (%)
Agriculture waste	Corncobs	45	35	15
	Wheat straw	30	50	15
	Barley straw	33–40	20–35	8–17
	Corn stover	39–42	22–28	18–22
	Nut shells	25–30	25–30	30–40
Energy crops	Empty fruit bunch	41	24	21.2
	Switch grass	45	31.4	12
Forestry waste	Hardwood stems	40–55	24–40	18–25
	Softwood stems	45–50	25–30	25–35
	Leaves	15–20	80–85	0
Industrial waste	Waste papers from chemical pulps	60–70	10–20	5–10
	Organic compound from wastewater solid	8–15	0	0