Sequence Variants of <i>ADIPOQ</i> and Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Taiwan Chinese Han Population

Tsai, Ming-Kai; Wang, Hui-Min David; Shiang, Jeng-Chuan; Chen, I-Hung; Wang, Chih-Chiang; Shiao, Ya-Fen; Liu, Wen-Sheng; Lin, Tai-Jung; Chen, Tsung-Ming; Chen, Ya-Huey

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/650393

The Scientific World Journal

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 650393 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/650393

Sequence Variants of ADIPOQ and Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Taiwan Chinese Han Population

Ming-Kai Tsai,¹Hui-Min David Wang,^2,3Jeng-Chuan Shiang,¹I-Hung Chen,¹Chih-Chiang Wang,¹Ya-Fen Shiao,⁴Wen-Sheng Liu,⁴Tai-Jung Lin,⁵Tsung-Ming Chen,^6,7and Ya-Huey Chen^8,9

Academic Editor: George Panagiotis Chrousos

Received18 Mar 2014

Revised04 Jun 2014

Accepted16 Jun 2014

Published10 Jul 2014

Abstract

Diabetes is a serious global health problem. Large-scale genome-wide association studies identified loci for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), but few studies clarified the effect of genetic polymorphisms of ADIPOQ and TCF7L2 on risk of T2DM. We attempted to elucidate association between T2DM and polymorphic variations of both in Taiwan’s Chinese Han population, with our retrospective case-control study genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADIPOQ and TCF7L2 genes both in 149 T2DM patients and in 139 healthy controls from Taiwan. Statistical analysis gauged association of these polymorphisms with risk of T2DM to show ADIPOQ rs1501299 polymorphism variations strongly correlated with T2DM risk , with rs2241766 polymorphism being not associated with T2DM . However, both polymorphisms rs7903146 and rs12255372 of TCF7L2 were rarely detected in Taiwanese people. This study avers that ADIPOQ rs1501299 polymorphism contributes to risk of T2DM in the Taiwanese population.

1. Introduction

Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is 6% but is expected to rise due to aging population [1]; 2012 saw some 1.6 million patients (~7% of total population) in Taiwan suffering from it, with ~90% of these cases diagnosed as T2DM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes characterized by impaired insulin secretion in peripheral tissues. It accounts for up to 11.5% of healthcare costs in Taiwan annually. Factors such as age, weight, diet, lifestyle, and family history are linked therewith [1]; higher concordance rate among monozygotic versus dizygotic twins and sibling risk manifested itself, and prevalence differs among racial groups [2], suggesting genetic contribution to risk of T2DM.

Genome-wide studies identify diabetes susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3q27 and 10q25.3, where adiponectin genes (ADIPOQ or APM1) and TCF7L2 are located, respectively [3]. Human adiponectin, encoded by ADIPOQ gene, is an adipose-specific secretory protein involved in many metabolic processes: for example, glucose modulation and fatty acid oxidation [4]. Adiponectin level positively correlates with weight [5], T2DM [5], insulin resistance [6], and cardiovascular diseases [5, 7] but negatively with insulin level [8]. Polymorphisms of ADIPOQ are linked with metabolic syndromes: for example, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, increased fasting glucose [9, 10], and plasma adiponectin level [11, 12]. Also, haplotype analysis of ADIPOQ showed significant association with obesity and insulin resistance [13, 14]. Two ADIPOQ SNPs, rs2241766 and rs1501299, showed significant association with risk of T2DM in the Japanese population [15, 16], yet this phenomenon did not appear in the French population [17]. Interestingly, persons without family history of diabetes revealed stark correlation of rs2241766 SNP, obesity, and insulin sensitivity among German people [18], making the role of ADIPOQ gene in T2DM controversial. Any relation between these SNPs and T2DM in the Taiwanese remains unclear. Human transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2; a.k.a. TCF4) [19] is involved in beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway, playing roles in pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells [20, 21]. Polymorphism of TCF7L2 gene correlates with T2DM risk and progression in multiple ethnicities [22–26]. Strongly associated variants rs12255372 and rs7903146 were cited as risk factors [27], while information about TCF7L2 and ADIPOQ on T2DM risk is scant in Taiwanese populations; we researched both genes.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection

We recruited 149 individuals with T2DM and 139 healthy controls, as diagnosed by Dr. Ming-Kai Tsai, with basic characteristics of both groups summarized in Table 1; 3 mL blood samples with EDTA anticoagulants were collected from Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital with informed consent. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples using the DNA isolation kit (QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, Germany).

2.2. Marker Selection and Genotyping of SNPs

In ADIPOQ and TCFL2, 33 and 84 SNPs were reported, respectively, from dbSNP database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP). SNPs were based on genetic information for the Chinese (CHB) and the Japanese (JPT) in HapMap (www.hapmap.org). Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) analysis was performed with allele-specific primer sets (Table 2) on genotype alleles of ADIPOQ (rs2241766 and rs1501299) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146 and rs12255372). In brief, forward primers specifically complementary to each SNP allele were designed and two PCR reactions were conducted in parallel to determine the allele. PCR used MyCycle thermal cycler (USA) containing 1.25 U of Taq DNA polymerase (TaKaRa), 1X PCR buffer, 200 umol/L dNTP, 100 ng of each primer, and 10 ng of genomic DNA. Amplification was through initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min: 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 45°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 30 s, and final extension at 72°C for 5 min. PCR products were analyzed by 2% agarose gel. We also confirmed accuracy of AS-PCR via Sanger DNA sequencing.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was tested by online HWE program (http://linkage.rockefeller.edu/ott/linkutil.htm) [28], and allele and genotype frequencies were examined by Fisher’s exact (two-tailed) test, using SPSS version 10.0 software (SPSS for Windows, Inc., Chicago, IL). Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were derived for external variables, with value <0.05 constituting statistical significance. Correction for multiple comparisons used positive false discovery rate (FDR) statistics based on the method of Benjamini and Hochberg [29], with FDR < 0.05 for significant association adopted as true positive result. Power was estimated by free power analysis program, Gpower 3.1 [30].

3. Results

Two SNPs of ADIPOQ and two SNPs of TCF7L2 genes were genotyped in T2DM patients and controls, using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis (Table 3). Distributions of ADIPOQ and TCF7L2 genotypes are plotted in Table 4, and genotype frequencies were evaluated by chi-square test. The method of Benjamini and Hochberg (threshold = 0.1) served to correct for multiple testing of each tested gene. Results showed significant difference () in ADIPOQ (rs1501299 (G276T)) polymorphism after Benjamini and Hochberg correction (FDR < 0.05). Yet no differences of genotype frequencies in ADIPOQ (rs2241766 (T45G)) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146) polymorphisms were detected. Surprisingly, genotypes of rs12255372 for TCF7L2 were the only GG genotype appearing in both healthy and T2DM subjects: that is, rs12255372 is not informative among the Taiwanese population. Genotype distributions of all SNPs do not deviate from HWE in either T2DM patients or controls (data not shown).

Similar results were observed in allele frequency: minor allele frequency of rs1501299 SNP in ADIPOQ being 28.5% higher among T2DM patients compared to healthy controls (20.6%, , FDR < 0.05) (Table 5). The odds ratio (OR) showed T allele of rs1501299 SNP as the risk factor for T2DM in our subjects (OR = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01–0.24, ), with no difference apparent in other polymorphisms. Collectively, these results suggest genetic variation of ADIPOQ, in particular rs1501299 SNP, may have a role in prevalence of T2DM among the Taiwanese population. We likewise compared distribution of genotypes for ADIPOQ rs1501299 SNP among Taiwanese T2DM and control subjects from the current study, plus other ethnic control groups: for example, the European (CEU), the Han Chinese (HCB), and the Nigerian (YRI) groups from HapMap database (Table 6). While GG genotype in rs1501299 had prevalence in all control ethnic groups, TT genotype is relatively higher in Taiwanese T2DM patients, such that T allele of rs1501299 in ADIPOQ might play an important role in T2DM.

4. Discussion

Novel associated genetic diseases identified by genome-wide association studies are needed for further testing in different populations. Association study is the most important tool for identifying genes conferring susceptibility to complex disorders. Genetic studies on many complex disorders like diabetes and psychiatric traits confirm many risk-associated genetic variants contributing to a subtle effect [2]. Our case-control study analyzed association of T2DM with ADIPOQ and TCF7L2 polymorphism in the Taiwanese. Interestingly, significant correlation was noted between ADIPOQ rs1501299 polymorphism and T2DM subjects, with T allele shown as a risk factor for prevalence of T2DM.

Polymorphisms of TCF7L2. TCF7L2 is involved in beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway, which employs its physiological functions in pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells [20, 21]. Previous investigations correlated TCF7L2 with risk of T2DM in extensive populations [31, 32], though not including the Taiwanese. We rated association of TCF7L2 polymorphisms rs7903146 and rs12255372 with T2DM prevalence in Taiwan. However, minor allele frequencies of rs7903146 and rs12255372 are 0.023 and unknown, inconsistent with prior study of the Chinese population [33]. Data hinted these SNPs are not polymorphic in our population and were removed from the final analyses. Although polymorphisms of TCF7L2 were rare in Taiwanese population, it is noteworthy to observe linkage between rs7903146 in TCF7L2 and T2DM in ethnic groups [31, 34–37]. Genetic markers well represented in one population but showing significantly different allele frequencies, even almost total absence in another allele across ethnicities, are frequently observed [38]. These phenomena might result from heterogeneity among ethnic groups; their effects on susceptibility to T2DM are unclear and merit follow-up study.

Polymorphism of ADIPOQ. Adiponectin, adipocytokine encoded by ADIPOQ, is central to insulin sensitivity and resistance and other metabolic syndrome traits in diverse populations [39, 40]. In addition, plasma level of adiponectin was proposed as a biomarker for T2DM, hypertension, and obesity [41, 42]; ADIPOQ SNPs were linked with plasma adiponectin level among the Caucasian population [11, 12] and metabolic syndrome [9, 10]. ADIPOQ polymorphisms and T2DM or diabetic nephropathy had also been evaluated from many populations: for example, the European-derived [17, 18], the Asian [14, 16, 40], the non-European South African [43], and the African American [44] populations. Still, no difference appeared between these SNPs and T2DM in the Taiwanese population [45]. Gao et al. indicated G allele frequency of ADIPOQ SNP (rs2241766) as prevalent in metabolic syndrome patients versus control groups in the Chinese Han population [10], which demonstrably augments risk of T2DM in the Chinese population [10]. We analyzed genetic association between ADIPOQ polymorphisms and T2DM in 149 patients and 139 normal controls in Taiwan (study power = 0.7); genotype frequency of SNP rs2241766 showed no difference between T2DM and controls. Since rs2241766 is a silent mutation for Gly15, this SNP may link with other functional SNPs.

We focused on other SNPs of ADIPOQ, rs1501299, to find rs1501299 SNP definitely associated with T2DM (). High prevalence of T allele () and risk of T2DM in the Taiwanese population was observed (), findings that are consistent with studies performed in populations of southern India [14], Japan [15, 16], and Mainland China [46]. Also, Yang et al. reported SNP rs1501299 linked with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes in the elderly Taiwanese [47], which suggest that T allele of SNP rs1501299 increases risk of diabetes among the Chinese population, consistent with our data. However, these results conflicted with other studies of Chinese people [48–51], suggesting that SNP rs1501299 may not be a functional SNP but most likely be in linkage disequilibrium with other functional variants [47]. Moreover, it suggests genetic background of the Taiwanese may be unique compared to the Mainland Chinese. Prevalence of TT genotype in SNP rs1501299 noted among Taiwanese was compared with controls from Europe, China, and Nigeria in HapMap database. Results indicate most groups (Taiwanese, European, Japanese, and Nigerian) retain high levels of GG content, albeit not Mainland China (Table 6), suggesting genetic background of Chinese people is heterogeneous [46]. This portends a greater number of subjects from different populations to evaluate in the future.

Study Limitation. One limitation of this study was small sample size due to cost considerations. While genetic analysis of SNP rs1501299 proved significant, we could not entirely exclude a possibility of false positives because of sampling limitations and other factors (confounders with other medical conditions, subject assessment lacking support by structured interviews). Yet we added statistics, FDR < 0.05, as a true positive association to support our conclusions.

5. Conclusions

Our case-control study linked T2DM with ADIPOQ and TCF7L2 polymorphism in Taiwan’s Han Chinese population: strong correlation emerged between ADIPOQ rs1501299 and T2DM subjects in Taiwan. Taken together, this verifies that ADIPOQ is associated with T2DM risk in Taiwanese population, which may prove useful clinically as a genetic marker. Results suggest ADIPOQ as a key genetic contributor to T2DM that may serve as a clinical biomarker.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the National Science Council, Taiwan (NSC 102-2320-B-039-053). The authors thank all the persons participating in this investigation and Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital for their support. The authors also appreciate Asia-Pacific Biotech Developing, Inc., for assistance in gene polymorphism analysis and Charles Wagamon for the critical reading and editing of the paper.

References

P. Zimmet, K. G. M. M. Alberti, and J. Shaw, “Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic,” Nature, vol. 414, no. 6865, pp. 782–787, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. S. Rich, “Mapping genes in diabetes. Genetic epidemiological perspective,” Diabetes, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1315–1319, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
S. M. Ruchat, C. E. Elks, R. J. Loos et al., “Association between insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants identified in genome-wide association studies,” Acta Diabetologica, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 217–226, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. J. Díez and P. Iglesias, “The role of the novel adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin in human disease,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 293–300, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Hotta, T. Funahashi, Y. Arita et al., “Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1595–1599, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Weyer, T. Funahashi, S. Tanaka et al., “Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 1930–1935, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kumada, S. Kihara, S. Sumitsuji et al., “Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in men,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 85–89, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. G. Yu, S. Javorschi, A. L. Hevener et al., “The effect of thiazolidinediones on plasma adiponectin levels in normal, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects,” Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 2968–2974, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. H. Eckel, S. M. Grundy, and P. Z. Zimmet, “The metabolic syndrome,” The Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9468, pp. 1415–1428, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Gao, D. Ding, J. Huang, Y. Qu, Y. Wang, and Q. Huang, “Association of genetic variants in the adiponectin gene with metabolic syndrome: a case-control study and a systematic meta-analysis in the Chinese population,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 4, Article ID e58412, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hivert, A. K. Manning, J. B. McAteer et al., “Common variants in the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) associated with plasma adiponectin levels, type 2 diabetes, and diabetes-related quantitative traits: The framingham offspring study,” Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3353–3359, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. M. Heid, S. A. Wagner, H. Gohlke et al., “Genetic architecture of the APM1 gene and its influence on adiponectin plasma levels and parameters of the metabolic syndrome in 1,727 healthy Caucasians,” Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 375–384, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Menzaghi, T. Ercolino, R. D. Paola et al., “A haplotype at the adiponectin locus is associated with obesity and other features of the insulin resistance syndrome,” Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 2306–2312, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Ramya, K. A. Ayyappa, S. Ghosh, V. Mohan, and V. Radha, “Genetic association of ADIPOQ gene variants with type 2 diabetes, obesity and serum adiponectin levels in south Indian population,” Gene, vol. 532, no. 2, pp. 253–262, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Hara, P. Boutin, Y. Mori et al., “Genetic variation in the gene encoding adiponectin is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population,” Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 536–540, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Yamaguchi, Y. Yamada, H. Matsuo et al., “Gender differences in the association of gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus,” International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 631–637, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Vasseur, N. Helbecque, C. Dina et al., “Single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in the both proximal promoter and exon 3 of the APM1 gene modulate adipocyte-secreted adiponectin hormone levels and contribute to the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes in French Caucasians,” Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 11, no. 21, pp. 2607–2614, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Stumvoll, O. Tschritter, A. Fritsche et al., “Association of the T-G polymorphism in adiponectin (Exon 2) with obesity and insulin sensitivity: interaction with family history of type 2 diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 37–41, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Duval, M. Busson-Leconiat, R. Berger, and R. Hamelin, “Assignment of the TCF-4 gene (TCF7L2) to human chromosome band 10q25.3,” Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, vol. 88, no. 3-4, pp. 264–265, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Shu, N. S. Sauter, F. T. Schulthess, A. V. Matveyenko, J. Oberholzer, and K. Maedler, “Transcription factor 7-like 2 regulates β-cell survival and function in human pancreatic islets,” Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 645–653, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Liu and J. F. Habener, “Glucagon-like peptide-1 activation of TCF7L2-dependent Wnt signaling enhances pancreatic beta cell proliferation,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 283, no. 13, pp. 8723–8735, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Jin and L. Liu, “The Wnt signaling pathway effector TCF7L2 and type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 2383–2392, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Hayashi, Y. Iwamoto, K. Kaku, H. Hirose, and S. Maeda, “Replication study for the association of TCF7L2 with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population,” Diabetologia, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 980–984, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Horikoshi, K. Hara, C. Ito, R. Nagai, P. Froguel, and T. Kadowaki, “A genetic variation of the transcription factor 7-like 2 gene is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population,” Diabetologia, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 747–751, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. M. Lehman, K. J. Hunt, R. J. Leach et al., “Haplotypes of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene and its upstream region are associated with type 2 diabetes and age of onset in Mexican Americans,” Diabetes, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 389–393, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Helgason, S. Pálsson, G. Thorleifsson et al., “Refining the impact of TCF7L2 gene variants on type 2 diabetes and adaptive evolution,” Nature Genetics, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 218–225, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. Florez, K. A. Jablonski, N. Bayley et al., “TCF7L2 polymorphisms and progression to diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 355, no. 3, pp. 241–250, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ott, Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md, USA, 1999.
Y. Benjamini and Y. Hochberg, “Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B: Methodological, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 289–300, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
F. Faul, E. Erdfelder, A. Buchner, and A.-G. Lang, “Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses,” Behavior Research Methods, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1149–1160, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. F. Grant, G. Thorleifsson, I. Reynisdottir et al., “Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes,” Nature Genetics, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 320–323, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Luo, H. Wang, X. Han et al., “Meta-analysis of the association between SNPs in TCF7L2 and type 2 diabetes in East Asian population,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 139–146, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Chang, T. Chang, Y. Jiang et al., “Association study of the genetic polymorphisms of the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene and type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population,” Diabetes, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 2631–2637, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Cauchi, D. Meyre, C. Dina et al., “Transcription factor TCF7L2 genetic study in the French population: expression in human β-cells and adipose tissue and strong association with type 2 diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 2903–2908, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. J. Parra, L. Cameron, L. Simmonds et al., “Association of TCF7L2 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes in Mexico City,” Clinical Genetics, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 359–366, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Zhang, L. Qi, D. J. Hunter et al., “Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene and the risk of type 2 diabetes in large cohorts of U.S. women and men,” Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2645–2648, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Saadi, N. Nagelkerke, S. G. Carruthers et al., “Association of TCF7L2 polymorphism with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and markers of beta cell function and insulin resistance in a population-based sample of Emirati subjects,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 392–398, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Chakraborty and K. K. Kidd, “The utility of DNA typing in forensic work,” Science, vol. 254, no. 5039, pp. 1735–1739, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. S. Yang, W. S. Lee, T. Funahashi et al., “Plasma adiponectin levels in overweight and obese Asians,” Obesity Research, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1104–1110, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Zadjali, S. AL-Yahyaee, M. O. Hassan, S. Albarwani, and R. A. Bayoumi, “Association of adiponectin promoter variants with traits and clusters of metabolic syndrome in Arabs: family-based study,” Gene, vol. 527, no. 2, pp. 663–669, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W.-S. Chow, B. M. Y. Cheung, A. W. K. Tso et al., “Hypoadiponectinemia as a predictor for the development of hypertension: a 5-year prospective study,” Hypertension, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1455–1461, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Daimon, T. Oizumi, T. Saitoh et al., “Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population: the Funagata study,” Diabetes Care, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 2015–2020, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Olckers, G. W. Towers, A. van der Merwe, P. E. H. Schwarz, P. Rheeder, and A. E. Schutte, “Protective effect against type 2 diabetes mellitus identified within the ACDC gene in a black South African diabetic cohort,” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 587–592, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Ukkola, M. Santaniemi, T. Rankinen et al., “Adiponectin polymorphisms, adiposity and insulin metabolism: HERITAGE family study and Oulu diabetic study,” Annals of Medicine, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 141–150, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W.-L. Liao, C.-C. Chen, C.-T. Chang et al., “Gene polymorphisms of adiponectin and leptin receptor are associated with early onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Taiwanese population,” International Journal of Obesity, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 790–796, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li, Y. Yang, L. Shi, X. Li, Y. Zhang, and Y. Yao, “The association studies of ADIPOQ with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese populations,” Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 551–559, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Yang, Y. Yang, C. Chen et al., “Adiponectin SNP276 is associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes in the elderly,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 509–513, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
N. X. Wang, D. M. Liu, and M. De, “The association of adiponectin gene polymorphism with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Journal of Tianjin Medical University, vol. 15, pp. 190–193, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Hao, Z. H. Dian, and J. X. Liu, “Correlation between single nucleotide polymorphism of adiponectin gene and type 2 diabete in Han population of Hainan,” Hainan Medical Journal, vol. 20, pp. 1–3, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Wang, D. Zhang, Y. Liu et al., “Association study of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in adiponectin-associated genes with type 2 diabetes in Han Chinese,” Journal of Genetics and Genomics, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 417–423, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Yang and L. Chuang, “Human genetics of adiponectin in the metabolic syndrome,” Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 112–121, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Ming-Kai Tsai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2240

Downloads

1258

Citations