The Coral Reefs Optimization Algorithm: A Novel Metaheuristic for Efficiently Solving Optimization Problems

Table 1

Summary of the continuous benchmark functions considered in this paper.

Function	Expression	𝑛	Feasible region
Rosenbrock	𝑓1(𝑥)=100⋅𝑥^21−𝑥2^2+1−𝑥1^2	2	[−2.048,2.048]^2
Schwefel	𝑓2(𝑥)=418.9829⋅𝑛+∑^𝑛𝑖=1−𝑥𝑖⋅sin𝑥𝑖	10	[−512,512]^𝑛
Rastrigin	𝑓3(𝑥)=𝐴⋅𝑛+∑^𝑛𝑖=1𝑥^2𝑖−𝐴⋅cos2𝜋𝑥𝑖	10	[−5.12,5.12]^𝑛
Griewank	𝑓4(𝑥)=1+∑^𝑛𝑖=1𝑥^2𝑖−4000^𝑛∏𝑖=1𝑥cos^𝑖√𝑖	10	[−600,600]^𝑛
𝐹1	𝐹1=∑^𝑛𝑖=1𝑥^2𝑖	30	[−100,100]^𝑛
𝐹2	𝐹2=∑^𝑛𝑖=1𝑥𝑖+∏^𝑛𝑖=1𝑥𝑖	30	[−10,10]^𝑛
𝐹3	𝐹3=∑^𝑛∑𝑖=1^𝑛𝑖=1𝑥𝑗^2	30	[−10,10]^𝑛
𝐹4	𝐹4=max𝑖|𝑥𝑖|,1≤𝑖≤𝑛	30	[−100,100]^𝑛
𝐹5	𝐹5=∑^𝑛𝑖=1100⋅𝑥^2𝑖+1−𝑥𝑖^2+1−𝑥𝑖^2	30	[−30,30]^𝑛
𝐹6	𝐹6=∑^𝑛𝑖=1𝑥𝑖+0.5	30	[−100,100]^𝑛
𝐹7	𝐹7=∑^𝑛𝑖=1𝑖𝑥^4𝑖+random[0,1)	30	[−1.28,1.28]^𝑛