Study Year Country studied Sample size Type of study Findings Adjusted for Ogawa et al. [45 ] 1998 Japan 2000 Cross-sectional Hypertensive subjects had higher CPITN None Angeli et al. [46 ] 2003 Italy 104 Cross-sectional ↑ SBP with ↑ periodontitis severity None Taguchi et al. [47 ] 2004 Japan 98 Cross-sectional ↑ SBP (
),
), Obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia Inoue et al. [48 ] 2005 Japan 364 Cross-sectional (2 time points) Periodontitis associated with ↑ BP and WBC count Age, gender, BMI, smoking, drinking, hypertension, DM, WBC count Holmlund et al. [42 ] 2006 Sweden 4254 Cross-sectional (Retrospective) Periodontal pocket related to hypertension
),
) Age, gender, number of teeth, smoking D'Aiuto et al. [49 ] 2006 England 40 Prospective intervention randomized controlled trial
7 ± 3 mmHg of SBP after 2 months of intensive treatmentNone Völzke et al. [50 ] 2006 Germany 4185 Cross-sectional (SHIP) ↑ SBP (
) and OR: 1.91 (CI: 1.21–3.02;
) for hypertension in male with 0–6 teeth compared to fully dentate Age, BMI, education, smoking, diet, DM, antihypertensive medication Engström et al. [43 ] 2007 Sweden 390 Cross-sectional DBP associated with deep periodontal pockets Age, gender, tobacco use, number of teeth Völzke et al. [51 ] 2007 Germany 1913 Cross-sectional (SHIP) ↑ SBP (female: 11.7 mm Hg; male: 5.7 mmHg) in edentulous compared to fully dentate None
O. A. Ayo-Yusuf and I. J. Ayo-Yusuf [52 ] 2008 South Africa 9098 Cross-sectional data (SADHS) Higher SBP (12 mmHg) and DBP (5 mmHg) in complete Age, BMI, DM, education, income, diet, alcohol, smoking, family history of hypertension, oral hygiene behaviour (daily brushing, dental visits) Franek et al. [53 ] 2009 Poland 99 Cross-sectional Periodontitis severity associated with central BP and pulse pressure (
) Age, gender, BMI, hypertension duration, smoking, number of drugs taken Fujita et al. [54 ] 2009 Japan 54551 Cross-sectional data Female (OR: 1.52; CI: 1.14–2.03;
); male (OR: 1.24; CI: 1.06–1.45;
) for hypertension in no brushing compared to brushing after every meal Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, walking time Nesse et al. [55 ] 2010 The Netherlands 1208 Cross-sectional ↑ hypertension prevalence in periodontitis subjects compared to controls (
) None de Oliveira et al. [56 ] 2010 Scotland 11869 Cross-sectional (Scottish Health Survey) ↑ hypertension prevalence in subject with rare teeth brushing (
) None Morita et al. [57 ] 2010 Japan 1023 Prospective cohort Periodontal pocket associated with hypertension (OR: 1.5; CI: 1.0–2.3) Age, gender, smoking, regular exercise, eating between meals, healthy body weight Franek et al. [58 ] 2010 Poland 155 Cross-sectional Periodontitis severity associated with central SBP (
) & DBP (
) Age, gender, BMI, hypertension and insulin treatment Tsakos et al. [59 ] 2010 United States of America 11948 Cross-sectional data (NHANES III) ↑ SBP (
)
) for hypertension in ↑ 10% gingival bleeding Age, gender, BMI, ethnicity, CRP, creatinine, Na+ /K+ ratio, chronic conditions, smoking, alcohol, education, income Desvarieux et al. [60 ] 2010 United States of America 653 Cross-sectional data (INVEST) ↑ SBP & DBP
) for hypertension when etiological bacterial burden is high Age, gender, BMI, race, education, smoking, DM, LDL-C, HDL-C, nonetiological periodontal bacteria Zhang et al. [61 ] 2011 Xinjang Uygur 1415 Cohort Periodontitis associated with hypertension (OR: 1.75; CI: 1.30–2.36;
) Age, gender, BMI, waist circumference, glycometabolism disorder, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease Vidal et al. [62 ] 2011 Brazil 137 Case-control Hypertension associated with severe chronic periodontitis (OR: 4.04; CI: 1.92–8.49), with generalized chronic periodontitis (OR: 2.18; CI: 1.04–4.56) Gender, race, DM, alcohol, smoking Peres et al. [63 ] 2012 Brazil 1720 Cross-sectional Edentulous subjects had a SBP 8.3 mmHg (CI: 0.1–16.7) higher than those with 10 or more teeth in both dental arches Age, gender, BMI, Rivas-Tumanyan et al. [64 ] 2013 Puerto Rica 182 Cross-sectional Periodontitis severity associated with high BP (OR: 2.93; CI: 1.25–6.84) Age, gender, smoking, drinking
