Association between Hypertension and Periodontitis: Possible Mechanisms

Table 2

Studies reporting inflammatory involvement in the interrelationship between hypertension and periodontitis.

Study	Design	Periodontal evaluation	Inflammatory markers	Hypertension-related parameters	Key findings
Higashi et al. 2009 [65]	Prospective	PPD; CAL; GB	CRP; IL-6	Forearm blood; flow responses; to vasoactive; substances,; SBP and; DBP	Periodontitis is associated with reduced NO bioavailability and ED, with systemic inflammation as a predictor of ED
Papapanagiotou et al. 2009 [66]	Case-control	Reported periodontitis	Leukocyte counts; Platelet count; CRP; P-selectin	SBP and DBP	Periodontitis is associated with platelet activation
Herrera et al. 2011 [67]	Experimental	X-ray bone loss assessment	MPO; TBARS; NT	NO	NO contributes to the systemic effects of periodontitis
Eder et al. 2012; [68]	Case-control	Radiography (WHO)	PGE2; TXB2	PGI2	Presence of granuloma in periodontitis is linked to inflammation and the synthesis of metabolites of AA
Brito et al. 2013; [69]	Experimental	Measurement of alveolar bone loss of mandibles	Leukocyte counts; IL-6; CRP	Mean arterial pressure,; vascular reactivity	Periodontitis induces systemic and vascular inflammation which lead to ED

AA: arachidonic acid; CAL: clinical attachment loss; CRP: C-reactive protein; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ED: endothelial dysfunction; GB: gingival bleeding; IL: interleukin; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NO: nitric oxide; NT: nitrotyrosine-containing protein; PGE₂: prostaglandin E₂; PGI₂: prostacyclin; PPD: probing pocket depth; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TXB₂: thromboxane B₂; WHO: World Health Organisation.