Research Article

Personality Disorders in Persons with Gender Identity Disorder

Table 4

An overview of the studies focusing on the presence of PDs and psychiatric comorbidity in persons with GID (e.g., transsexualism).

Author Levine,  
1980 [22]
Bodlund et
al., 1993 [14]
Bodlund and Armelius,
1994 [15]
Cole et al., 1997 [11] Haraldsen and Dahl,  
2000 [16]
Hepp et al., 2005 [12]Madeddu et al.,
2009 [13]
Hoshiai et al.,
2010 [9]
This paper

Diagnostic
criteria
DSM-
III
DSM-III-RDSM-III-RDSM-IVDSM-III-R/IVDSM-IVDSM-III-RDSM-IVDSM-IV

Assessment
method
Clinical interviewSCIDSCID
screen
Clinical
interview
SCID-IISCID-IISCID-IISCID-II

SexMtF-10
FtM-9
MtF-318
FtM-117
MtF + FtM-86MtF-20
FtM-11
MtF-34
FtM-16
MtF-230
FtM-349
MtF-21,
FtM-9

Total
sample
N = 51N = 19N = 18N = 435N = 86N = 31N = 50N = 579N = 30

Prevalence
of PD
66%3 (30%)
6 (67%)
33,3%18 (6%)
5 (4%)
4% MtF, 3% FtM
8 (40%)
4 (36%) prevalence of PD 19,8%
42%20 (77%)
23 (23%)
41 (19%)
38 (12%)
20 (66,6%)
comorbid PDs 13 (46,6%)

Main
results
Mainly
cluster B or C PDs
Clusters
B (22,2%),
C (11,1%), and
A (0%)
Clusters
A (schizoid PD) and
B (borderline PD) most frequent diagnosis
Clusters
A 5,8%,
B 8,1%, and
C 5,8%, NOS 0%
Clusters
A 16,1%, B 22,6%, and
C 19,4%, NOS
6,5%
Clusters A 2%,
B 22%, and C 12%. NOS 16%
No differences in psychopathological profile
and severity between MtF and FtM TS
Adjustment
disorder (6,7%), anxiety disorder (3,6%), and
mood disorder (1,4%, 8/579): all were associated with histories of suicidal ideation (in FtM, but not in MtF group)
Clusters A
and C (paranoid PD—43,3% and avoidant PD—26,7%). Differences in relation
to biological sex in GID group versus heterosexuals (MtF: paranoid, schizoid, borderline, and avoidant PD; FtM: paranoid
PD)

Sample
characteristics
Patients requesting
SRS
Transsexuals,
for example, GID (DSM-III-R)
Transsexuals, for example, GID (DSM-III-R)Patients
requesting SRS
Mixed sample,
pre- and post-SRS
GID
(DSM-IV)
GID
(DSM-III-R)
GID (DSM-IV)GID
patients
(DSM-IV)