Review of the Socket Design and Interface Pressure Measurement for Transtibial Prosthesis

Table 2

Distribution of articles based on the methodology and prosthetic components.

Study	Publication year	Method		Instrument	Socket type	Soft liner type	Measure	Measurement interface
		Static	Dynamic
Sanders et al. [34]	1992		✓	Custom designed; transducers,; strain gauge	PTB	Pelite liner	Normal and shear stresses	Skin/soft tissue
Sanders et al. [33]	1993		✓	Custom designed transducers	PTB	Pelite liner	Normal and shear stresses	Skin/soft tissue
Zhang et al. [36]	1996	✓		Simplified model	PTB	Unknown	Frictional action	Skin/soft tissue
Zhang et al. [45]	1998	✓	✓	Force transducer mounting	PTB; TSB	Pelite liner	Stress	Skin/soft tissue
Sanders et al. [51]	2000		✓	Force transducer mounting	PTB	Five-ply sock	Pressures and shear stresses	Skin/soft tissue
Goh et al. [52]	2003		✓	Force transducer mounting	PCast	Silicone liner	Pressure	Skin/soft tissue
Lin et al. [37]	2004	✓		FEM	PTB	Unknown	Pressure	soft tissue/liner
Jia et al. [16]	2004		✓	Vicon motion system,; FEM	PTB	Unknown	Pressure	Bone-soft tissue
Lee et al. [53]	2004	✓		MRI,; FEM,; Vicon system	PTB	Unknown	Pressure	Soft tissue/socket
Sanders et al. [54]	2005		✓	Force transducer	PTB; TSB	Neoprene and latex sleeves	Interface stress	Soft tissue/socket
Lee and Zhang [42]	2007	✓		Push gauge,; FEA	PTB	Pelite liner	Pain threshold pressure	Skin/soft tissue
Portnoy et al. [44]	2008	✓		MRI,; FEA,; pressure sensor	PTB	Unknown	Mechanical conditions, pressure/shear strains	Muscle/soft tissue
Wolf et al. [55]	2009		✓	3D gait analysis,; pressure sensor,; Vicon motion system	TSB	Silicone liner	Pressure	Residual limb/socket interface
Abu Osman et al. [56]	2010	✓	✓	Transducer,; sensor	PTB	No liner	Pressure and shear stress	Residual limb/socket interface
Dumbleton et al. [57]	2009		✓	Tekscan F-Scan	PTB	Silicone liner,; pelite liner	Pressure	Residual limb/socket interface
Boutwell et al. [58]	2012		✓	Motion analysis sensor	PTB; TSB	Silicone liner	Gait and pressure	Residual limb/liner interface
Kobayashi et al. [13]	2012		✓	Biaxial; MEMS tilt sensors,; force transducer unit	Unknown	Unknown	Reaction moment	Below the socket
Kobayashi et al. [14]	2013		✓	Biaxial; MEMS tilt sensors,; force transducer unit	Unknown	Unknown	Reaction moment	Below the socket
Boone et al. [11]	2013		✓	Biaxial; MEMS tilt sensors,; force transducer unit	Unknown	Unknown	Reaction moment	Below the socket