Effect of tamoxifen1 and fenretinide (alone and in combination) on IGF-1 and breast density
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a factorial design
Intraepithelial neoplasia or small invasive BC in the 3 yrs before random assignment or a Gail 5-year risk for BC ≥ 1.3%
880 premenopausal women at high risk of BC/235 (TAM alone: 55; fenretinide alone: 56; combination: 59; placebo: 57)
TAM alone: 46.2 y ± 5.0 (range 32–57), fenretinide alone: 46.2 y ± 5.2 (range 30–56), combination: 46.9 y ± 4.5 (range 38–54), placebo: 46.5 y ± 4.3 (range 36–54)
Visually according to the Boyd classification scale and computer-assisted calculation/at baseline and at 12 and 24 months on analog screen films or digital scans
Single trained radiologist, blinded as to time sequence and treatment arm
Secondary analysis of a prospective safety and feasibility study
Diagnosis of DCIS, LCIS, or atypical hyperplasia or a Gail 5-year risk for BC ≥ 1.7%
32 women at high risk of BC/TAM group: 28 patients and control group: 20 patients from another protocol
TAM: mean 49.5 y (range 36–74 y) and controls: mean 51 y (range 42–57 y)
4 methods: (a) Wolfe and BIRADs; (b) Boyd classification scale; (c) computer aided calculation from digitized mammograms/4 days to 9 months (mean 2.3 months) before the start of TAM therapy and annual mammograms during 2 y
Two independent readers for methods (a) and (b); single reader for method (c)
High interobserver variability for (a) and (b). For (c): in a subset: differences between second set and first set: mean (range −15.5% to 11.0%).
Initial digital scores: TAM: 31.9% (SD ± 19.0%) and controls: 29.7% (SD ± 12.0%)
Effect of tamoxifen on breast density in women who had undergone surgery for BC
Retrospective case control study
BC
152 BC patients/172 (group I: 102 BC patients (TAM only: 40; +chemotherapy: 36; +radiotherapy: 13; +radiotherapy and chemotherapy: 13), group II: 50 BC patients without TAM, group III: 20 healthy women)
Mean age: group I: 49 y (range 28–67 y); group II: 47 y (range 32–58 y); and group III: 47 y (range 34–62 y)
Visually according to a 3-score classification; decrease of BD: 0 = <10%, 1 = 10–20%, 2 = 20%/at baseline: BC patients: before and after surgery and for control group: once a year for at least 2 years, and on follow-up
Two readers
NA
Number of patients4: dense pattern: group I: 19 (18.63%), II: 13 (26%), III: 7 (35%). Heterogeneously dense: group I: 44 (43.13%), II: 21 (42%), III: 9 (45%). Fatty pattern: group I: 39 (38.24%), II: 16 (32%), III: 4 (20%)
148 BC patients/cases: 68 BC patients who receive tamoxifen alone or ± radiotherapy and chemotherapy; controls: 80 BC patients ± radiotherapy and chemotherapy
TAM group: mean 58.5 ± 9.3 y, median 56.5 y, range 41–78 y; controls group: mean y, median 63.5 y, range 49–78 y
Visually according to BIRADs and by a computer-assisted method after digitizing images/at baseline and annually for six years
Two radiologists blinded to the treatment
Agreement between methods for baseline mammograms: cases = 0.994 , controls = 0.985 and mammograms at 1 yr: cases = 1, controls = 1
Basal mammography with classification BIRADS (number of patients): in TAM group: A: 22, B: 14, C: 22, D: 10 and control group: A: 30, B: 12, C: 26, D: 12
17 BC patients without chemotherapy/16 BC patients treated by TAM after surgery and without chemotherapy
Mean 43 y, range 33–51 y
Based on 3D MRI T1-weighted images. The changes in breast volume (BV), fibroglandular tissue volume (FV), and percent density (%BD) between 2 MRI studies were analyzed/pretreatment and follow-up studies ranged from 8 to 26 months ( months)
Effect of tamoxifen-induced reductions in breast density on BC risk
Nested case control study within a randomized prevention trial (IBIS 1)
At least twice the average BC risk of a 50-year-old woman: either benign proliferative breast disease or a strong family history of BC6
1288 women (potential control subjects without BC: ; potential case subjects with BC: )/1065 women with mammograms at baseline and follow-up (12–18 months after trial entry). Cases: 123 women diagnosed with BC; control subjects: 942 women without BC
Mean 51 ± 6 y, range 35–70 y
Visual assessment of the proportion of the total breast area that was composed of dense tissue (to the nearest 5%)/at baseline (at or up to 12 months before randomization), and at first follow-up (18–23 months)
One radiologist blinded to treatment arm and not case control status
Reproducibility assessed for 48 women by 5 readers at baseline and follow-up (Pearson correlation coefficient r ranged from 0.48 to 0.98)
Case subjects: mean MD at entry: 51%; control subjects: 44% (P = 0.02)
BC: breast cancer. 1Low-dose tamoxifen of 5 mg. 2IEN: intraepithelial neoplasia including ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ; T1: pT1 a or pT1mic N0. 3For 40 women BD was not measured at baseline. DB with digital measurement: 16% lower compared to those with analog film screen. DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situ. LCIS: lobular carcinoma in situ. NA: nonavailable or not applicable; SD: standard deviation. Wolfe classification: N1: nondense, no ducts visible; P1: prominent ductal pattern occupying less than one-fourth of the breast; P2: prominent ductal pattern occupying more than one-fourth of the breast; DY: homogenous, plaque-like areas of density. 4Personal calculation for percentages. 5For 24 cases: results revealed parallelism in the findings of the two radiologists. MD: mammographic density. BI-RADS breast categories: (1) almost entirely fat, (2) fatty with scattered fibroglandular densities, (3) heterogeneously dense breast tissue, and (4) extremely dense breast tissue. 6i.e., a mother or sister who developed BC before the age of 50.