Dissolved Concentrations, Sources, and Risk Evaluation of Selected Metals in Surface Water from Mangla Lake, Pakistan

Table 1

Optimum analytical conditions maintained on AAS for the analysis of selected metals using air-acetylene flame (Shimadzu AA-670, Japan).

Metal	Wavelength (nm)	HC lamp current (mA)	Slit width (nm)	Fuel-gas flow rate (L/min.)	1% Absorption concentration (ppm)
Ca	422.7	6.0	0.5	2.0	0.08
Cd	228.8	4.0	0.3	1.8	0.02
Co	240.7	6.0	0.2	2.2	0.20
Cr	357.9	5.0	0.5	2.6	0.09
Cu	324.8	3.0	0.5	1.8	0.09
Fe	248.3	8.0	0.2	2.0	0.10
K	766.5	5.0	0.5	1.9	0.04
Li	670.7	4.0	0.5	1.6	0.05
Mg	285.2	4.0	0.5	1.6	0.007
Mn	279.5	5.0	0.4	1.9	0.05
Na	589.0	6.0	0.5	1.6	0.02
Ni	232.0	4.0	0.15	1.7	0.10
Pb	217.0	7.0	0.3	1.8	0.20
Sr	460.7	4.0	0.5	1.6	0.10
Zn	213.9	4.0	0.5	2.0	0.02