Effect of Environmental Factors on Germination and Emergence of Invasive Rumex confertus in Central Europe

Table 1

Three-way ANOVA of effects of temperature (), light condition (, light versus dark), cold stratification (CS, nontreated versus 12-week cold stratified) seeds of Rumex confertus, and their interactions on seed germination and rate of germination. Data were transformed (arcsine) to achieve normality.

Dependent variable	Factor	df	MS	value	value
Germination (%)	Temperature (T)	2	15.48	14.35	<0.001
	Light (L)	1	9.77	6.45	<0.001
	Cold stratification (CS)	1	17.88	13.35	<0.001
	T × L	2	1.54	16.66	<0.001
	L × CS	1	1.94	19.63	<0.001
	T × CS	2	5.250	53.23	<0.001
	L × T × CS	2	0.91	9.18	<0.001
Rate of germination	Temperature (T)	2	25.67	660.18	<0.001
	Light (L)	1	17.44	448.35	<0.001
	Cold stratification (CS)	1	15.81	406.79	<0.001
	T × L	2	0.63	16.36	<0.001
	L × CS	1	1.53	39.55	<0.001
	T × CS	2	5.36	137.99	<0.001
	L × T × CS	2	0.82	20.74	<0.001