Effects of fructans Dose fructan/duration Model Reference 3% FOS for 12 days Mice treated with antibiotics and conventionalized with Clostridium difficile [118 ] In peripheral blood: ↑ CD4+ /CD8+ ratio and ↓ B cells. In GALT: + cells and CD8+ cells, PP, and lamina propria cells and + /CD8+ ratio in lamina propria 0.87% FOS for 14 days Adult dogs [119 ] Synbiotics 1% FOS for 28 days Piglets infected with S. typhimurium [120 ] + T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and macrophages in blood, 3 g/d OF for 20 days Newborn piglets [121 ] 2 g/d FOS and/or MOS for 14 days Adult dogs [122 ] 2 g FOS plus/1 g MOS for 14 days Adult dogs [123 ] 1.25 g/L OF for 7 weeks Mice (pups) infected with Rhesus rotavirus [124 ] No change in protein, alb, serum Ig, secreting IgA, and IL-4 and IFN- 6 g OF/ITFs for 28 weeks Healthy elderly (>70 years) [125 ] 8 g/day FOS, 3 weeks Nursing home elderly (77–97 years) [126 ] + T cells.0–7.5% FOS for 6 weeks Female mice [127 ] Listeria monocytogenes .2.5–10% FOS or OF for 6 weeks Female mice [128 ] + /CD8+ ratio in PP in endotoxemic mice only.10% FOS for 16 days Female mice healthy or endotoxemic [129 ] 1% ITFs/MOS for 4 weeks Senior dogs [130 ] + IgA+ cells.5% FOS for 23–44 days Newborn mice [131 ] 10% FOS-enriched ITFs for 4 weeks Male rats [132 ] 6 g/d OF and ITFs (2 : 1 ratio) for 1 year Elderly free-living adults (age ≤ 70 years) [133 ] Improved response to some vaccine components and increased lymphocyte proliferation to influenza vaccine components. 4.95% FOS for 183 days Healthy adults (age ≤ 65 years) [134 ] 10% FOS/ITFs for 4 months Male rats [135 ] Trend towards higher fecal sIgA. 0.6 g (GOS/FOS)/100 mL formula for 32 weeks Newborn non-breast-fed infants [136 ] Improved response to 4.95% FOS for 4 weeks Healthy adults (age ≤ 65 years) [137 ] In pregnant females and pups no effect on serum IgG1, IgG2, IgA, or IgM. In colostrum and milk 0.1% OF during lactation Pregnant female dogs and pups [138 ] 1% FOS or ITFs for 14 days Puppies [139 ] + HLA-DR+ (activated T cells) and −1 bearing lymphocytes and % CD3+ NK+ cells.9 g/d ITFs for 5 weeks Adults smokers and nonsmokers [140 ] + cells in spleen, IL-12 and IFN-Salmonella infection when given vaccine.5% mix (ITFs, FOS, and OF) for 1 week Female mice [141 ] 6 g/L GOS/FOS (9 : 1) for 26 weeks Newborn healthy infants [142 ] 5.5 g GOS/d for 10 weeks Elderly (64–79 years) [143 ] + CD8+ cells in spleen and CD45RA+ cells in MLN.5% ITFs for 4 weeks Female rats [113 ] 8 g/L GOS/FOS for 6 months Newborn infants at risk for allergy [144 ] 2.51–0.42 g/kg/d mix of GOS, XOS, OF, and ITFs (3.6 : 1 : 0.4 : 5) for 12 days Female rats induced with diphenoxylate [145 ] 3–5% FOS for 30 days Female mice [146 ] 5 g XOS, ITFs–XOS (3 : 1) for 4 weeks Healthy volunteers [147 ] 0.10% levan-type fructan for 42 days Growing pigs [63 ] 5.5 g/d B-GOS (Bi2 muno) for 12 weeks Overweight adults [148 ] GOS/ITFs (dose and duration data not shown) Healthy mice [149 ] 8 g XOS or with 109 CFU Bi-07/d for 21 days Healthy adults (25–65 years) [150 ] + T-lymphocyte population.20–60 g/kg FOS/ITFs for 12 weeks Healthy rats [151 ]
