PCR and ELISA vis-à-vis Microscopy for Detection of Bovine Anaplasmosis: A Study on Associated Risk of an Upcoming Problem in North India

Table 1

Incidence of A. marginale among different districts and animal groups under study as diagnosed by Blood Smear Examination (BSE), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Factors	Total	BSE		ELISA		PCR		Odd’s ratio
		Positive (%)	95% CI	Positive (%)	95% CI	Positive (%)	95% CI	(In terms of PCR)	95% CI
Zones
Submountain Zone	109	16 (14.67)	8.95–20.41	27 (24.77)	17.78–31.75	54 (49.54)	41.44–57.63	2.086	1.81–4.042
Undulation Zone	75	9 (12.0)	5.65–18.34	20 (26.67)	18.03–35.29	24 (32)	22.89–41.10	0.479	0.247–925
Province
Gurdaspur	41	8 (19.51)	9.05–29.97	13 (31.71)	19.42–43.98	16 (39.02)	26.14–51.89	0.836	0.387–1.797
Hoshiarpur	36	6 (16.66)	6.17–27.16	6 (16.67)	6.17–27.16	17 (47.22)	33.16–61.28	1.276	0.712–2.819
Pathankot	32	2 (6.25)	−0.98–13.48	8 (25.0)	12.06–37.93	21 (65.62)	51.43–79.81	3.182	1.341–7.656
Rupnagar	35	3 (8.57)	0.57–16.56	9 (25.71)	13.23–38.19	13 (37.14)	23.34–50.94	0.764	0.334–1.732
Nawanshahr	40	6 (15.0)	5.45–24.54	11 (27.5)	15.56–39.43	11 (27.50)	15.56–39.43	0.436	0.188–0.995
Species
Cattle	129	22 (17.05)	11.46–22.65	37 (28.68)	21.95–35.41	64 (49.61)	42.17–57.05	2.884	1.364–6.165
Buffalo	55	3 (5.45)	0.27–10.63	10 (18.18)	9.39–26.97	14 (25.45)	15.53–35.38	0.347	0.162–0.733
Age
>1 year	95	15 (15.78)	9.46–22.11	26 (27.36)	19.64–35.09	49 (51.57)	42.92–60.24	2.204	1.161–4.198
<1 year	89	10 (11.23)	5.57–16.89	21 (23.59)	15.98–31.20	29 (32.58)	24.18–40.98	0.454	0.288–0.862