Exhaled Breath Condensate: Technical and Diagnostic Aspects

Table 4

Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in lung cancer.

Biomarkers	Lung Cancer
H2O2	, correlated with urine-MDA [156]
Inflammatory markers
ILs
IL-2	[158]	NSCLC
IL-6	[157, 169]
IL-17	[169]
TNF-α	[158, 159, 161]
IL-1β, IL-6	after lobectomy or pneumonectomy [164]
IL-8, TNF-a, sICAM-1
Leptin	in NSCLC [158]
ET-1	in NSCLC [160]
VEGF	[159, 161, 165], correlated with IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and with tumor diameter in CT [159]	NSCLC
	after chemotherapy [165]
bFGF	in NSCLC and after chemotherapy [165]
COX-2	in NSCLC patients along with the disease stage [160]
survivin
MMP-9	in NSCLC patients along with the disease stage [158]
GRTP-1	Detected in a single NSCLC patient [159]
CCL28	in lung cancer [162]; no difference in cytokine signals [163]
MIP-3
GRo-a
Eotaxin-2	in lung cancer [162]; no difference in cytokine signals [163]
Eotaxin-3
FGF-6
FGF-7
IL-10
Tumor markers
CEA	in NSCLC and strongly correlated with histological type [169]
SCC
NSE
Genomic analysis
Somatic mutations of p53	Detected [170]
Microsatelite DNA instability and loss of heterozygosity: 3p chromosome (locus D3S2338, D3S1266, D3S1304, D3S1289)	Detected in NSCLC patients [171]
loss of heterozygosity: 3p chromosome (locus D3S1289)	Correlated with negative prognostic value in adenocarcinoma and poor prognosis in NSCLC [172]
Microsatelite DNA instability and loss of heterozygosity: 3p chromosome (locus D3S2338)	Correlated with poor survival among patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma [173]
ERCC1 and ERCC2 genes (chromosome 19q)	Increased risk of NSCLC among smokers [174]
miRNA	miRNA-21 with miRNA-486: proposed as screening test for NSCLC diagnosis [175]
KRAS mutation in codon 12	after NSCLC resection surgery [176]
Methylation of DAPK, PAX5β, and p16 genes	Detected in patients with NSCLC [6, 177]
HPV genome	Detected in patients with NSCLC [178]

= increase, = reduction, = no significant change, and [] = corresponding reference.
H₂O₂ = hydrogen peroxide, MDA = malondialdehyde, NSCLC = non-small cell lung cancer, ILs = interleukins, TNF-a = tumour necrosis factor-a, ET-1 = endothelin-1, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor, bFGF = basic fibroblast growth factor, COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2, MMP-9 = metalloproteinase-9, GRTP-1 = growth hormone regulated TBC protein-1, CCL-28 = mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC), MIP = macrophage inflammatory proteins, GRO-a = growth related oncogene-a, FGF-6 = fibroblast growth factor-6, FGF-7 = fibroblast growth factor-7, CEA = carcinoembryonic antigen, SCC = squamous cell carcinoma antigen, NSE = neuron-specific enolase, miRNA = micro-RNA, and HPV = human papillomavirus.