Recent Trends in Rapid Environmental Monitoring of Pathogens and Toxicants: Potential of Nanoparticle-Based Biosensor and Applications

Figure 4

Common procedures for detection of certain water-borne pathogens in environmental matrices and progressive development of respective bionanosensors including immunosensor, DNA-based sensor, and others. Irrespectively, preprocessing steps of necessity initially require filtration and concentration, and then an immunoseparation step (e.g., immunomagnetic separation) in several types of assays.