Detection of Prosthetic Knee Movement Phases via In-Socket Sensors: A Feasibility Study

Table 1

Sensory mechanisms used in prosthetic knee systems.

Author (year), system	Sensor type	Mechanism and function
Kapti and Yucenur (2006) [5], artificial knee joint	Rotary knee angle’s potentiometer	Detects different angles of the knee joint from 119.5° to 180° as the sensor located at the joint centre.
Sup et al. (2009) [6], Vanderbilt prosthetic leg	Load cell	Detects force and torque loading at the knee and ankle.
	Rotary potentiometer	Detects the knee joint angles.
Martinez et al. (2009), agonist-antagonist prosthetic knee	Rotary encoder; Digital encoder, to measure Ankle Angle; Digital encoders, to measure motor displacements; Hall sensor, to measure springs’ Compression; Force sensitive resistor, to Heel/Toe Contact	Detects the joint angles by controlling the motor displacement via the rotary encoder, attached to the motor shaft.
Sup et al. (2009) [6], Vanderbilt prosthetic leg	Custom load cell	Custom load cell was made to detect force and torque loading at the knee and ankle.
	Potentiometer	Detects the knee joint angles.
Geng et al. (2010) [4], four-bar linkage prosthetic knee	Knee angle sensor used to detect angle at different phases.	Prosthetic knee with four-bar linkages mechanism