Effects of R-Phase on Mechanical Responses of a Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instrument: Structural Characterization and Finite Element Analysis

Table 1

Transformation temperatures measured by DSC.

Heat flow	Transformation temperatures (°C)	Austenite	Austenite + R-phase	R-phase
Heating	As	−25	28	40
	Af	−2	47	51
Cooling	Rs	—	26	39
	Rf	—	24	34
	Ms	−5	19	−13
	Mf	−22	15	−39