Relationship between Angular Measurements and Facial Shape of Young Ivorians with Normal Dental Occlusion

Figure 3

Internal and external angles of the face (full face and the profile). (1) Nasofrontal angle (G-N-Prn): the angle between the tangent lines on the nasal bridge and the glabella. (2) Nasomental angle: formed by the intersection of a line drawn between the nasion point (N), the pronasale point, and another line running from the point nasion (N) to the pogonion point (Pog). (3) Pronasale angle (N-Prn-Sn): formed by the nasion, pronasale, and subnasale points. (4) Nasolabial angle (C-Sn-Ls): it is the angle between the points columella, subnasale, and labiale superius. (5) Mentolabial angle (Li-Sm-Pog): angle formed by the lower lip, the supramental and pogonion points. (6) Angle of the middle-third of the face (N-Po-Sn): angle formed by the nasion (Sn), porion (Po), and subnasale points. (7) Angle of the lower third of the face (Sn-Po-Me): formed by the glabella (G), pronasale (Prn), and pogonion (Pog) points. (8) Facial angle (G-Prn-Pog): formed by the glabella (G), pronasale (Prn), and pogonion (Pog) points. (9) Angle of the facial convexity excluding the nose (G-Sn-Pog): formed by the intersection of the horizontal plane of Frankfort (Po-Or), a line tangential to the chin skin (Me) and to the foremost lip (L). (10) N-Po-Prn angle: formed with the nasion (Na), porion (Po), and pronasale (Prn) points. (11) Prn-Po-Ls angle: formed with the pronasale (Prn), porion (Po), and labiale superius (Ls). (12) Interlabial angle (Sn-Ls/Li-Sm): formed with the intersection of a line drawn between the subnasale point and the labiale superius and another line drawn from the lower furrow and tangent to the lower lip. (13) Zy.r-Tr-Zy.l: angle of the face width: formed by the trichion points at the two bilateral zygion points. (14) Ch.r-N-Ch.l angle: it is the nasion angle formed by the nasion point bound to the two bilateral labial commissure points. (15), (16) Left and right Tr-Zy-Go angles: left and right zygomatic angles (formed by the left and right zygion point, bound to the trichion and gonion points). (17), (18) left and right Zy-Go-Gn angles: left and right gonion angles: formed by the left and right gonion point, bound to the zygion and gnathion points at each side. (19) Angle of the oral width (Ch.r-Gn-Ch.l): formed by the gnathion point bound to the two bilateral labial commissure points. (20) Angle of the mandibular width (Go.r-Gn-Go.l) formed by the gnathion point linked to the two bilateral gonion points. r: right; l: left.