Healthcare Professional’s Perception of Patient Safety Measured by the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 4

Investigation of causes of heterogeneity by meta-regressions and testing for publication bias by Egger’s and Peters’ tests of each Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture dimension (n=59 studies).

Dimensions	Double arcsine coefficient (β), p value, residual heterogeneity (I^2, %) of meta-regression															Publication bias
	Year			Doctors			Nurses			Quality score			Continent			p value
	β	p value	I^2	β	p value	I^2	β	p value	I^2	β	p value	I^2	β	p value	I^2	Egger’s test	Peters’ test
Teamwork within units	0.013	0.424	97.9	-0.006	0.166	98.5	<0.001	0.808	98.0	0.008	0.416	97.8	-0.029	0.458	97.8	0.071	0.005
Supervisor/Manager expectations and actions that promote patient safety	-0.031	0.125	99.0	-0.005	0.154	98.9	-0.005	0.100	98.1	0.001	0.926	98.2	-0.139	<0.001	95.8	0.001	<0.001
Organizational learning and continuous improvement	0.018	0.374	99.3	<0.001	0.936	99.5	<0.001	0.224	99.3	0.001	0.953	99.2	0.068	0.146	99.3	0.980	0.490
Management support for patient safety	<0.001	0.987	99.6	-0.012	0.064	99.6	-0.012	0.307	99.6	0.002	0.903	99.6	-0.019	0.776	99.5	0.022	0.016
Overall perceptions of patient safety	-0.012	0.481	98.9	-0.007	0.039	98.7	-0.007	0.840	98.4	0.004	0.687	98.7	-0.078	0.018	97.9	0.021	0.016
Feedback and communication about error	0.008	0.694	99.2	-0.007	0.043	99.2	-0.007	0.504	98.9	0.011	0.329	99.1	-0.026	0.544	98.6	0.090	0.077
Communication openness	-0.019	0.390	99.4	-0.005	0.177	99.5	-0.005	0.739	99.1	-0.001	0.913	99.3	-0.131	0.002	98.0	0.017	0.023
Frequency of events reported	0.003	0.892	99.5	-0.009	0.049	99.7	-0.009	0.606	99.5	0.022	0.072	99.5	-0.070	0.145	99.4	0.074	0.089
Teamwork across units	0.013	0.526	98.9	-0.004	0.385	99.2	-0.004	0.467	98.9	0.012	0.270	98.7	-0.027	0.539	97.7	0.114	0.115
Staffing	-0.016	0.544	99.5	-0.003	0.570	99.5	-0.003	0.460	99.2	0.001	0.923	99.3	-0.132	0.012	98.3	0.005	0.008
Handoffs and transitions	0.010	0.562	97.5	-0.006	0.053	98.0	-0.006	0.273	97.7	0.003	0.755	97.7	-0.031	0.422	97.6	0.503	0.372
Nonpunitive response to errors	-0.041	0.159	99.4	-0.002	0.671	99.6	-0.002	0.771	99.3	0.009	0.577	99.4	-0.198	<0.001	99.0	0.044	0.111