The Efficacy of Processing Strategies on the Gastroprotective Potentiality of Chenopodium quinoa Seeds

Figure 4

Effect of QP, QG, QB, and QF on the microscopic hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of stomach sections. (a) Normal stomach. (b) Stomach treated with absolute EtOH at dose of 5 mL/kg showing intense ulceration and degeneration of upper gastric mucosa (small straight arrow) along with necrotic gastric glands (double-lined arrow) and swollen edematous submucosa (dashed arrow). (c) Stomach treated with omeprazole (20 mg/kg) showing significant reduction in the damage of the upper mucosa (straight arrow) and maintained gastric glands. (d) Stomach treated with QP (quinoa seeds cooked under high pressure, 200 mg/kg) showing moderated ulceration and upper mucosal degeneration. (e) Stomach treated with QG (first stage-germinated quinoa seeds, 200 mg/kg) showing mild necrosis of gastric glands. (f) Stomach treated with QB (quinoa seeds fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria, 200 mg/kg) showing minor damage of the gastric mucosa. (g) Stomach treated with QF (quinoa seeds fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus fungus, 200 mg/kg) showing mild mucosal damage.