Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties

Table 3

PLE of flavonoids (general conditions of extraction).

Source	Experimental conditions	Flavonoid	Yield	Reference
Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon seeds (a) and Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo seeds (b), pomace, (c) and stems (d)	Solv: water; Temp: 120°C; Time: 10 min; Pressure: 1500 psi; Number of cycles: 2; Flow rate: —	Flavonols	2.66 ± 0.11 mg/g (a); 1.62 ± 0.03 mg/g (b); 15.74 ± 0.66 mg/g (c); 0.34 ± 0.24 mg/g (d)	[105]
Tilia cordata inflorescence	Solv: 80% MeOH; Temp: 80 and 120°C; Time: 30 min; Pressure: 60 bar; Number of cycles: 3; Flow rate: —	Rutin; Isoquercetrin; Astragalin; Quercitrin; Tiliroside	582.20 μg/g (80°C); 621.15 μg/g (120°C); 81.56 μg/g; 85.18 μg/g; 60.80 μg/g; 69.05 μg/g; 190.73 μg/g; 202.80 μg/g; 903.37 μg/g; 1038.34 μg/g	[92]
Camellia oleifera seeds	Solv: water; Temp: 140°C; Time: 10 min; Pressure: 600 psi; Number of cycles: —; Flow rate: —	TFC	18.80 ± 0.38 mg/g	[80]
Momordica charantia fruit	Solv: 80% EtOH; Temp: 160°C; Time: 10 min; Pressure: 10 MPa; Number of cycles: 3; Flow rate: —	TFC	1.50 ± 0.10 g/100 g	[56]
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa leaves	Solv: 64% EtOH; Temp: 80°C; Time: 10 min; Pressure: 1500 psi; Number of cycles: 5; Flow rate: —	Isoorientin; Orientin; Isovitexin	0.58 ± 0.004 mg/g; 0.26 ± 0.004 mg/g; 2.22 ± 0.030 mg/g	[111]
Cocoa	Solv: water; Temp: 125°C; Time: 3 min; Pressure: —; Number of cycles: —; Flow rate: —	Catechin; Epicatechin	88.8 ± 5.5 mg/100 g; 23.0 ± 2.7 mg/100 g	[112]
Olive leaves	Solv: 50% EtOH; Temp: 100°C; Time: 15 min; Pressure: 10.34 MPa; Number of cycles: 1; Flow rate: —	TFC	16.51 mg/g	[113]
Moringa oleifera leaves	Solv: 35% EtOH; Temp: 128°C; Time: 20 min; Pressure: 10 MPa; Number of cycles: 1; Flow rate: —	Quercetin	0.2 mg/g	[114]
Salvia officinalis	Solv: water; Temp: 140°C; Time: 30 min; Pressure: 10.3 MPa; Number of cycles: —; Flow rate: —	Quercetin 3-gl; Luteolin 7-O-β-D-gl; Apigenin 7-O-β-D-gl	1270 ± 89 μg/g; 4364 ± 326 μg/g; 1698 ± 9 μg/g	[115]

Solv: solvent, Temp: temperature, TFC: total flavonoid content, EtOH: ethanol, MeOH: methanol, Quercetin 3-gl: quercetin 3-glucuronide, Luteolin 7-O-β-D-gl: luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, and Apigenin 7-O-β-D-gl: apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide.