Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties

Table 6

Experimental conditions for enzyme-assisted extraction of flavonoids.

Source	Experimental conditions	Flavonoid	Enzyme	Yield	Reference
Guava leaves	pH: 5.0; Temp: 50°C; Enzyme: substrate: 0.5/5 g/g; Enzyme mixture: substrate: 1.5/5 g/g; Time: 12 h; Solv: water	Quercetin	Cellulase; Xylanase; β-glucosidase; Mixture cellulase: xylanase:β-glucosidase (1 : 1 : 1)	106.7 ± 1.21 mg/100 g; 72.8 ± 1.36 mg/100 g; 199.0 ± 1.36 mg/7100 g; 258.9 ± 3.32 mg/100 g	[222]
Pomegranate peels	pH: —; Temp: 44.85°C; Enzyme: substrate: —; Enzyme mixture: substrate: —; Time: 41.45 min; Solv: water	TFC	Viscozyme®; (1.32 mL/100 mL)	17.97 mg/g	[223]
Momordica balsamina L. fruit	pH: 7.5; Temp: 50°C; Enzyme: substrate: 6.5%; Enzyme mixture: substrate: —; Time: 60 min; Solv: 80% MeOH	TFC	Zympex-014®	Approx. 18 mg/g	[224]
Citrus sinensis peel	pH: 4.8; Temp: 60°C; Enzyme: substrate: 30.94 mL/g; Enzyme mixture: Substrate: —; Time: 4.87; Solv: —	TFC	Viscozyme L®	264.6 mg/100 g	[225]
Medicago sativa leaves	pH: 5.8; Temp: 45°C; Enzyme: substrate: 2.9%; Enzyme mixture: substrate: —; Time: 90 min; Solv: —	TFC	Kemzyme®	62.55 ± 2.43 μg/g	[226]
Tagetes erecta L. flower	pH: —; Temp: 45°C; Enzyme: substrate: 0.45 U/g; Enzyme mixture: substrate: —; Time: 150 min; Solv: 20% EtOH	Luteolin	Pectinase	7.32 mg/g	[227]
Chokeberry pomace	pH: 3.5; Temp: 40°C; Enzyme: substrate: 6% v/w; Enzyme mixture: substrate: —; Time: 7 h; Solv: —	Dihydroquercetin	Viscozyme L®	8.01 mg/g (after SFE); 1.00 mg/g (after PLE)	[228]
Laurus nobilis L. leaves	pH: —; Temp: 40°C; Enzyme: substrate: 1 mg/10 g; Enzyme mixture: substrate: (1 : 1 : 1); Time: 1 h; Solv: MeOH	TFC	Cellulase; Hemicellulase; Xylanase; Ternary mixture	5.79 ± 0.41 mg/g; 5.35 ± 0.22 mg/g; 6.33 ± 0.38 mg/g; 6.09 ± 0.78 mg/g	[229]

Solv: solvent, Temp: temperature, TFC: total flavonoid content, EtOH: ethanol, MeOH: methanol, U: unit of enzymatic activity, SFE: supercritical fluid extraction, and PLE: pressurized liquid extraction.