Ethnic Variations in Healthcare Service Utilization and Access in Vietnamese Mountainous Setting

Table 1

Demographic characteristics by ethnic groups.

Characteristics	Kinh		Tay		Others		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	42	13.1	230	71.7	49	15.3	321	100.0
Gender (n = 321)
Female	10	23.8	72	31.3	23	46.9	105	32.7	0.044
Male	32	76.2	158	68.7	26.	53.1	216	67.3
Education (n = 318)
Elementary or lower	16	38.1	57	25.0	26	54.2	99	31.1	0.002
Secondary	17	40.5	119	52.2	15	31.3	151	47.5
≥ high	9	21.4	52	22.8	7	14.6	68	21.4
Marital status (n = 320)
Single	7	16.7	35	15.3	8	16.3	50	15.6	0.964
Having spouse	35	83.3	194	84.7	41	83.7	270	84.4
Smoking (n = 317)
Never	34	82.9	177	77.3	29	61.7	240	75.7	0.039
Ever smoking	7	17.1	52	22.7	18	38.3	77	24.3
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (n = 311)	55.0	14.6	52.0	14.5	47.5	15.7	51.7	14.8	0.041
Annual household income (USD)	387.9	352.6	539.0	627.0	368.4	462.9	489.5	575.5	0.003

Chi-squared test. Kruskal–Wallis test.