|
Factors | Observed effects | References |
|
Th1 polarization of immune response in the RAU | ↑ IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, and ↓ IL-4 | [16] |
↑ TH1/TH2 diverse genes (microarray) | [10] |
↓HSP27 and ↓ IL-10 | [17] |
↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and ↓ IL-10 | [18] |
↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 and ↓ IL-10, and TGF-β and ↓ CD4+CD25+ | [19] |
|
Stress | ↑ IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α | [20] |
↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α IL-6, IL-10, and IL-5 | [21] |
↑ IFN-γ, IL-2 and ↓IL-10, and IL-4 | [22] |
↓ inhibitory effect of catecholamines on IFN-γ and failure to shift to Th2 responses | [23] |
|
NSAIDs | ↑TNF-α | [24] |
↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and ↓ IL-4, and IL-6 | [25] |
|
Bromelain | ↑ TNF-α and IFN-γ | [26] |
↑ permeability of the mucosa | [27] |
|
Beta-blockers | Beta-blockers cause Th1 polarization | [28] |
|
Imiquimod (TLR7) | ↑ IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-α | [29] |
|
Hypovitaminosis | ↓ B12 = ↑ TNF-α and ↓of EGF | [30] |
↓ B6 = ↑ TNF-α | [31] |
|
Cigarette smoking | IFN-γ/IL-10 (Th1/Th2) ratio is lower in smokers | [32] |
↓IL-12 p40/IL-10 ratio | [33] |
↓ IL-2 and TNF-α | [34] |
|
Pregnancy | ↑Th2/Th1 cytokines ratio | [35] |
|
Breatfeeding | ↑regulatory T cells | [36] |
|
Thalidomide | ↓ TNF-α, ↓IL-12 and ↑IL-10 (LPS stimulation) | [37, 38] |
|
TNF inhibitors | ↓ TNF-α and ↑CD4+CD25+in situ (Infliximab) | [39] |
↓ CD4+CD25+ spontaneous apoptosis (Infliximab) | [40] |
↓ TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ (pentoxifylline) | [41] |
|
TLR2 deficiency | TLR2-induced anti-inflammatory responses (↑IL-10) | [42] |
|