Ulcers
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 841651, 13 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/841651
Review Article
Potential Application of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
1Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILC, Argentina
2Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG-ICB), Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
Received 13 August 2010; Accepted 25 November 2010
Academic Editor: Gyula Mozsik
Copyright © 2011 Silvina del Carmen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- K. A. Head and J. S. Jurenka, “Inflammatory bowel disease part I: ulcerative colitis—pathophysiology and conventional and alternative treatment options,” Alternative Medicine Review, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 247–283, 2003. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. C. Baumgart and W. J. Sandborn, “Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies,” The Lancet, vol. 369, no. 9573, pp. 1641–1657, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. B. Price, “Inflammatory bowel disease,” in Oxford Textbook of Pathology, J. O. D. McGee, P. G. Isaacson, and N. A. Wright, Eds., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1992. View at Google Scholar
- C. O. Elson and C. T. Weaver, “Experimental mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease: new insights into pathogenic mechanisms,” in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. From Bench to Bedside, S. R. Targan, F. Shanahan, and L. C. Karp, Eds., pp. 1–4, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, NY, USA, 2003. View at Google Scholar
- A. R. Jurjus, N. N. Khoury, and J. M. Reimund, “Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease,” Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 81–92, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Furrie, S. Macfarlane, A. Kennedy et al., “Synbiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium longum/Synergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled pilot trial,” Gut, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 242–249, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. H. Cui, C. L. Chen, J. D. Wang et al., “Effects of probiotic on intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1521–1525, 2004. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. M. Carroll, J. M. Andrus, J. M. Bruno-Bárcena, T. R. Klaenhammer, H. M. Hassan, and D. S. Threadgill, “Anti-inflammatory properties of Lactobacillus gasseri expressing manganese superoxide dismutase using the interleukin 10-deficient mouse model of colitis,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 293, no. 4, pp. G729–G738, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Peran, S. Sierra, M. Comalada et al., “A comparative study of the preventative effects exerted by two probiotics, Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus fermentum, in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid model of rat colitis,” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 96–103, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Matsumoto, T. Hara, T. Hori et al., “Probiotic Lactobacillus-induced improvement in murine chronic inflammatory bowel disease is associated with the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lamina propria mononuclear cells,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 417–426, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Carol, N. Borruel, M. Antolin et al., “Modulation of apoptosis in intestinal lymphocytes by a probiotic bacteria in Crohn's disease,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 917–922, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Schultz, C. Veltkamp, L. A. Dieleman et al., “Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in the treatment and prevention of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 71–80, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. A. Peña and J. Versalovic, “Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decreases TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages by a contact-independent mechanism,” Cellular Microbiology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 277–285, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Majamaa and E. Isolauri, “Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 179–185, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Sheil, J. McCarthy, L. O'Mahony et al., “Is the mucosal route of administration essential for probiotic function? Subcutaneous administration is associated with attenuation of murine colitis and arthritis,” Gut, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 694–700, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. O'Mahony, M. Feeney, S. O'Halloran et al., “Probiotic impact on microbial flora, inflammation and tumour development in IL-10 knockout mice,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1219–1225, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Flynn, D. van Sinderen, G. M. Thornton, H. Holo, I. F. Nes, and J. K. Collins, “Characterization of the genetic locus responsible for the production of ABP-118, a novel bacteriocin produced by the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius UCC118,” Microbiology, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 973–984, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. L. Madsen, J. S. Doyle, L. D. Jewell, M. M. Tavernini, and R. N. Fedorak, “Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice,” Gastroenterology, vol. 116, no. 5, pp. 1107–1114, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello, U. Helwig et al., “Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Gastroenterology, vol. 124, no. 5, pp. 1202–1209, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Venturi, P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello et al., “Impact on the composition of the faecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1103–1108, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. G. H. R. van Embden, W. R. Schouten, and L. M. C. Van Lieshout, “Pouchitis: result of microbial imbalance?” Gut, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 658–664, 1994. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Gionchetti, C. Amadini, F. Rizzello, A. Venturi, G. Poggioli, and M. Campieri, “Probiotics for the treatment of postoperativecomplications following intestinal surgery,” Best Practice & Research in Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 821–831, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Kajander and R. Korpela, “Clinical studies on alleviating the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome with a probiotic combination,” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 576–580, 2006. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Osman, D. Adawi, S. Ahrne, B. Jeppsson, and G. Molin, “Modulation of the effect of dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis by the administration of different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 320–327, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Gupta, H. Andrew, B. S. Kirschner, and S. Guandalini, “Is Lactobacillus GG helpful in children with Crohn's disease? Results of a preliminary, open-label study,” Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 453–457, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. V. Herías, J. F. J. G. Koninkx, J. G. Vos, J. H. J. Huis in't Veld, and J. E. van Dijk, “Probiotic effects of Lactobacillus casei on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice,” International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 143–155, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. C. Rath, K. H. Wilson, and R. B. Sartor, “Differential induction of colitis and gastritis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats selectively colonized with Bacteroides vulgatus or Escherichia coli,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 2969–2974, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. F. Verdù, P. Bercik, B. Cukrowska et al., “Oral administration of antigens from intestinal flora anaerobic bacteria reduces the severity of experimental acute colitis in BALB/c mice,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 46–50, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Chandran, S. Satthaporn, A. Robins, and O. Eremin, “Inflammatory bowel disease: dysfunction of GALT and gut bacterial flora (I),” Surgeon, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 63–75, 2003. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Videla, J. Vilaseca, F. Guarner et al., “Role of intestinal microflora in chronic inflammation and ulceration of the rat colon,” Gut, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1090–1097, 1994. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Favier, C. Neut, C. Mizon, A. Cortot, J. F. Colombel, and J. Mizon, “Fecal β-D-galactosidase production and Bifidobacteria are decreased in Crohn's disease,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 817–822, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Seksik, L. Rigottier-Gois, G. Gramet et al., “Alterations of the dominant faecal bacterial groups in patients with Crohn's disease of the colon,” Gut, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 237–242, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Swidsinski, A. Ladhoff, A. Pernthaler et al., “Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease,” Gastroenterology, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 44–54, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Schultsz, F. M. van den Berg, F. Ten Kate, G. N. J. Tytgat, and J. Dankert, “The intestinal mucus layer from patients with inflammatory bowel disease harbors high numbers of bacteria compared with controls,” Gastroenterology, vol. 117, no. 5, pp. 1089–1097, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. J. Ott, M. Musfeldt, D. F. Wenderoth et al., “Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease,” Gut, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 685–693, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. P. Conte, S. Schippa, I. Zamboni et al., “Gut-associated bacterial microbiota in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease,” Gut, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 1760–1767, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Mylonaki, N. B. Rayment, D. S. Rampton, B. N. Hudspith, and J. Brostoff, “Molecular characterization of rectal mucosa-associated bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 481–487, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Vanderpool, F. Yan, and D. B. Polk, “Mechanisms of probiotic action: implications for therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel diseases,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1585–1596, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Garrido, A. Suau, P. Pochart, S. Cruchet, and M. Gotteland, “Modulation of the fecal microbiota by the intake of a Lactobacillus johnsonii La1-containing product in human volunteers,” FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 248, no. 2, pp. 249–256, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. G. LeBlanc, A. de Moreno de Leblanc, G. Perdigón et al., “Anti-inflammatory properties of lactic acid bacteria: current knowledge, applications and prospects,” Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 148–154, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- FAO/WHO, “Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria,” 2001. View at Google Scholar
- P. Marteau, P. Lepage, I. Mangin et al., “Gut flora and inflammatory bowel disease,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 18–23, 2004. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. P. Tamboli, C. Caucheteux, A. Cortot, J. F. Colombel, and P. Desreumaux, “Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review,” Best Practice & Research in Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 805–820, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Guslandi, G. Mezzi, M. Sorghi, and P. A. Testoni, “Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1462–1464, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Malin, H. Suomalainen, M. Saxelin, and E. Isolauri, “Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 137–145, 1996. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. O'Mahony, J. Mccarthy, P. Kelly et al., “Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles,” Gastroenterology, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 541–551, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. C. Bittner, R. M. Croffut, M. C. Stranahan, and T. N. Yokelson, “Prescript-assist probiotic-prebiotic treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: an open-label, partially controlled, 1-year extension of a previously published controlled clinical trial,” Clinical Therapeutics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1153–1160, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. C. Bittner, R. M. Croffut, and M. C. Stranahan, “Prescript-assist probiotic-prebiotic treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: a methodologically oriented, 2-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study,” Clinical Therapeutics, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 755–761, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Mimura, F. Rizzello, U. Helwig et al., “Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis,” Gut, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 108–114, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. Kruis, P. Frič, J. Pokrotnieks et al., “Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine,” Gut, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1617–1623, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Tursi, G. Brandimarte, G. M. Giorgetti, G. Forti, M. E. Modeo, and A. Gigliobianco, “Low-dose balsalazide plus a high-potency probiotic preparation is more effective than balsalazide alone or mesalazine in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis,” Medical Science Monitor, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. PI126–PI131, 2004. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- O. Karimi, A. S. Peña, and A. A. van Bodegraven, “Probiotics (VSL#3) in arthralgia in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a pilot study,” Drugs of Today, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 453–459, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Isolauri, S. Salminen, and A. C. Ouwehand, “Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Probiotics,” Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 18, pp. 299–313, 2004. View at Google Scholar
- T. R. Klaenhammer, “Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria,” Biochimie, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 337–349, 1988. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. C. Rea, E. Clayton, P. M. O'Connor et al., “Antimicrobial activity of lacticin 3147 against clinical Clostridium difficile strains,” Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 940–946, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Schultz, K. Munro, G. W. Tannock et al., “Effects of feeding a probiotic preparation (SIM) containing inulin on the severity of colitis and on the composition of the intestinal microflora in HLA-B27 transgenic rats,” Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 581–587, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Campieri, F. Rizzello, A. Venturi et al., “Combination of antibiotic and probiotic treatment is efficacious in prophylaxis of post-operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease: a randomised controlled study v. mesalazine,” Gastroenterology, vol. 118, p. A4179, 2000. View at Google Scholar
- P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello, A. Venturi et al., “Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Gastroenterology, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 305–309, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. J. Ruddy, G. C. Wong, X. K. Liu et al., “Functional cooperation between interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α is mediated by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein family members,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 279, no. 4, pp. 2559–2567, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Leon, L. E. Smythies, P. D. Smith, and B. L. Kelsall, “Involvement of dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 579, pp. 117–132, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. K. Podolsky, “Inflammatory bowel disease,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, no. 6, pp. 417–429, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Brand, “Crohn's disease: Th1, Th17 or both? The change of a paradigm: new immunological and genetic insights implicate Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease,” Gut, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 1152–1167, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. F. Neurath, I. Fuss, B. L. Kelsall, D. H. Presky, W. Waegell, and W. Strober, “Experimental granulomatous colitis in mice is abrogated by induction of TGF-β-mediated oral tolerance,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 183, no. 6, pp. 2605–2616, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Jonuleit, E. Schmitt, M. Stassen, A. Tuettenberg, J. Knop, and A. H. Enk, “Identification and functional characterization of human T cells with regulatory properties isolated from peripheral blood,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 193, no. 11, pp. 1285–1294, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Cong, C. T. Weaver, A. Lazenby, and C. O. Elson, “Bacterial-reactive T regulatory cells inhibit pathogenic immune responses to the enteric flora,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 169, no. 11, pp. 6112–6119, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Kappeler and C. Mueller, “The role of activated cytotoxic T cells in inflammatory bowel disease,” Histology and Histopathology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 167–172, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Perdigón, E. Vintiñi, S. Alvarez, M. Medina, and M. Medici, “Study of the possible mechanisms involved in the mucosal immune system activation by lactic acid bacteria,” Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 1108–1114, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Perdigon, M. Medina, E. Vintini, and J. C. Valdez, “Intestinal pathway of internalisation of lactic acid bacteria and gut mucosal immunostimulation,” International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 141–150, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Pessi, Y. Sütas, M. Hurme, and E. Isolauri, “Interleukin-10 generation in atopic children following oral lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,” Clinical and Experimental Allergy, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1804–1808, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. de Moreno de Leblanc, S. Chaves, and G. Perdigón, “Effect of yoghurt on the cytokine profile using a murine model of intestinal inflammation,” European Journal of Inflammation, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 97–109, 2009. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. P. Bai, Q. Ouyang, X. R. Xiao, and S. F. Li, “Probiotics modulate inflammatory cytokine secretion from inflamed mucosa in active ulcerative colitis,” International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 284–288, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. O. Elson, “From cheese to pharma: a designer probiotic for IBD,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 836–837, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Ina, J. Itoh, K. Fukushima et al., “Resistance of Crohn's disease T cells to multiple apoptotic signals is associated with a Bcl-2/Bax mucosal imbalance,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 163, no. 2, pp. 1081–1090, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Itoh, C. de la Motte, S. A. Strong, A. D. Levine, and C. Fiocchi, “Decreased Bax expression by mucosal T cells favours resistance to apoptosis in Crohn's disease,” Gut, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 35–41, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Atreya, J. Mudter, S. Finotto et al., “Erratum: Blockade of interleukin 6 trans signaling suppresses T-cell resistance against apoptosis in chronic intestinal inflammation: evidence in Crohn disease and experimental colitis in vivo,” Nature Medicine, vol. 16, no. 11, p. 1341, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- G. Friedman and J. T. George, “Treatment of refractory ‘pouchitis’ with prebiotic and probiotic therapy,” Gastroenterology, vol. 118, p. A4167, 2000. View at Google Scholar
- W. Kruis, E. Schütz, P. Fric, B. Fixa, G. Judmaier, and M. Stolte, “Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 853–858, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. J. Rembacken, A. M. Snelling, P. M. Hawkey, D. M. Chalmers, and A. T. R. Axon, “Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial,” The Lancet, vol. 354, no. 9179, pp. 635–639, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Kuhn, J. Lohler, D. Rennick, K. Rajewsky, and W. Muller, “Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis,” Cell, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 263–274, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Tilg, C. Van Montfrans, A. Van den Ende et al., “Treatment of Crohn's disease with recombinant human interleukin 10 induces the proinflammatory cytokine interferon γ,” Gut, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 191–195, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. H. Uhlig, J. Coombes, C. Mottet et al., “Characterization of and IL-10-secreting T cells during cure of colitis,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 9, pp. 5852–5860, 2006. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Roselli, A. Finamore, S. Nuccitelli et al., “Prevention of TNBS-induced colitis by different Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains is associated with an expansion of γδT and regulatory T cells of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1526–1536, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- E. Mengheri, “Health, probiotics, and inflammation,” Journal of clinical gastroenterology, vol. 42, pp. S177–S178, 2008. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Ishihara, M. A. K. Rumi, C. F. Ortega-Cava et al., “Therapeutic targeting of toll-like receptors in gastrointestinal inflammation,” Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 12, no. 32, pp. 4215–4228, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Pimentel-Nunes, J. B. Soares, R. Roncon-Albuquerque, M. Dinis-Ribeiro, and A. F. Leite-Moreira, “Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal diseases,” Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 347–368, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. M. Galdeano, A. de Moreno de Leblanc, G. Vinderola, M. E. Bonet, and G. Perdigón, “Proposed model: mechanisms of immunomodulation induced by probiotic bacteria,” Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 485–492, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. M. Galdeano, A. de Moreno de Leblanc, E. Carmuega, R. Weill, and G. Perdigón, “Mechanisms involved in the immunostimulation by probiotic fermented milk,” Journal of Dairy Research, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 446–454, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. G. Vizoso Pinto, M. Rodriguez Gómez, S. Seifert, B. Watzl, W. H. Holzapfel, and C. M. A. P. Franz, “Lactobacilli stimulate the innate immune response and modulate the TLR expression of HT29 intestinal epithelial cells in vitro,” International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 133, no. 1-2, pp. 86–93, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Schultz and A. L. Lindström, “Rationale for probiotic treatment strategies in inflammatory bowel disease,” Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 337–355, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Fukata and M. T. Abreu, “TLR4 signalling in the intestine in health and disease,” Biochemical Society Transactions, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1473–1478, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. A. Dogi, C. M. Galdeano, and G. Perdigón, “Gut immune stimulation by non pathogenic and bacteria. Comparison with a probiotic strain,” Cytokine, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 223–231, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. W. Chung, J. H. Choi, T. Y. Oh, C. S. Eun, and D. S. Han, “Lactobacillus casei prevents the development of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in Toll-like receptor 4 mutant mice,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 182–189, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Rachmilewitz, F. Karmeli, K. Takabayashi et al., “Immunostimulatory DNA ameliorates experimental and spontaneous murine colitis,” Gastroenterology, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 1428–1441, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Obermeier, N. Dunger, U. G. Strauch et al., “CpG motifs of bacterial DNA essentially contribute to the perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation,” Gastroenterology, vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 913–927, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Akhtar, J. L. Watson, A. Nazli, and D. M. McKay, “Bacterial DNA evokes epithelial IL-8 production by a MAPK-dependent, NF-kappaB-independent pathway,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1319–1321, 2003. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Lee, D. Rachmilewitz, and E. Raz, “Homeostatic effects of TLR9 signaling in experimental colitis,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1072, pp. 351–355, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Rachmilewitz, K. Katakura, F. Karmeli et al., “Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis,” Gastroenterology, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 520–528, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Rachmilewitz, F. Karmeli, S. Shteingart, J. Lee, K. Takabayashi, and E. Raz, “Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides inhibit colonic proinflammatory cytokine production in ulcerative colitis,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 339–345, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Kamada, N. Inoue, T. Hisamatsu et al., “Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 prevents murine acute and chronic colitis,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 455–463, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Miyoshi, L. Bermudez-Humaran, M. Pacheco de Azevedo, P. Langella, and V. Azevedo, “Lactic acid bacteria as live vectors: heterologous protein production and delivery systems,” in Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria Novel Applications, F. Mozzi, R. Raya, and G. Vignolo, Eds., pp. 1–9, Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA, 2010. View at Google Scholar
- L. Steidler, W. Hans, L. Schotte et al., “Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin-10,” Science, vol. 289, no. 5483, pp. 1352–1355, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Braat, P. Rottiers, D. W. Hommes et al., “A phase I trial with transgenic bacteria expressing interleukin-10 in Crohn's disease,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 754–759, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. A. V. Marinho, L. G. G. Pacífico, A. Miyoshi et al., “An intranasal administration of Lactococcus lactis strains expressing recombinant interleukin-10 modulates acute allergic airway inflammation in a murine model,” Clinical and Experimental Allergy, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1541–1551, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. Keshavarzian, A. Banan, A. Farhadi et al., “Increases in free radicals and cytoskeletal protein oxidation and nitration in the colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease,” Gut, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 720–728, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Lih-Brody, S. R. Powell, K. P. Collier et al., “Increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defenses in mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 2078–2086, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Sedghi, J. Z. Fields, M. Klamut et al., “Increased production of luminol enhanced chemiluminescence by the inflamed colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis,” Gut, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1191–1197, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. J. Simmonds, R. E. Allen, T. R. J. Stevens, R. N. M. Van Someren, D. R. Blake, and D. S. Rampton, “Chemiluminescence assay of mucosal reactive oxygen metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease,” Gastroenterology, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 186–196, 1992. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Condon, “Responses of lactic acid bacteria to oxygen,” FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 269–280, 1987. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Roos, “The involvement of oxygen radicals in microbicidal mechanisms of leukocytes and macrophages,” Klinische Wochenschrift, vol. 69, no. 21-23, pp. 975–980, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. S. Berlett and E. R. Stadtman, “Protein oxidation in aging, disease, and oxidative stress,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 33, pp. 20313–20316, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. B. Farr and T. Kogoma, “Oxidative stress responses in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium,” Microbiological Reviews, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 561–585, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. P. Szatrowski and C. F. Nathan, “Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells,” Cancer Research, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 794–798, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Kruidenier and H. W. Verspaget, “Oxidative stress as a pathogenic factor in inflammatory bowel disease—radicals or ridiculous?” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1997–2015, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Kruidenier, M. E. van Meeteren, I. Kuiper et al., “Attenuated mild colonic inflammation and improved survival from severe DSS-colitis of transgenic Cu/Zn-SOD mice,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 753–765, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. G. Spyropoulos, E. P. Misiakos, C. Fotiadis, and C. N. Stoidis, “Antioxidant properties of probiotics and their protective effects in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced enteritis and colitis,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Grangette, S. Nutten, E. Palumbo et al., “Enhanced antiinflammatory capacity of a Lactobacillus plantarum mutant synthesizing modified teichoic acids,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 29, pp. 10321–10326, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Rochat, L. Bermúdez-Humarán, J. J. Gratadoux et al., “Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus casei BL23 producing or not a manganese-dependant catalase on DSS-induced colitis in mice,” Microbial Cell Factories, vol. 6, article no. 22, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. de Moreno de Leblanc, J. G. LeBlanc, G. Perdigón et al., “Oral administration of a catalase-producing Lactococcus lactis can prevent a chemically induced colon cancer in mice,” Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 100–105, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. Han, A. Mercenier, A. Ait-Belgnaoui et al., “Improvement of an experimental colitis in rats by lactic acid bacteria producing superoxide dismutase,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1044–1052, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Watterlot, T. Rochat, H. Sokol et al., “Intragastric administration of a superoxide dismutase-producing recombinant Lactobacillus casei BL23 strain attenuates DSS colitis in mice,” International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 35–41, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. G. LeBlanc, S. del Carmen, A. Miyoshi et al., “Use of superoxide dismutase and catalase expressing lactic acid bacteria to attenuate TNBS induced Crohn’s disease in mice,” Journal of Biotechnology. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- L. Watterlot, T. Rochat, H. Sokol et al., “Intragastric administration of a superoxide dismutase-producing recombinant Lactobacillus casei BL23 strain attenuates DSS colitis in mice,” International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 144, pp. 35–41, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Rochat, A. Miyoshi, J. J. Gratadoux et al., “High-level resistance to oxidative stress in Lactococcus lactis conferred by Bacillus subtilis catalase KatE,” Microbiology, vol. 151, no. 9, pp. 3011–3018, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Rochat, J. J. Gratadoux, A. Gruss et al., “Production of a heterologous nonheme catalase by Lactobacillus casei: an efficient tool for removal of and protection of Lactobacillus bulgaricus from oxidative stress in milk,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 5143–5149, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Mallon, D. McKay, S. Kirk, and K. Gardiner, “Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 4, Article ID CD005573, 2007. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Tursi, G. Brandimarte, A. Papa et al., “Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 2218–2227, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar