Potential Application of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Table 1

Examples of probiotics with proven antiinflammatory properties classified by their mechanisms of action.

Mechanism	Strain*	Demonstrated effect	Reference
Immune	B. longum	Improvement of clinical appearance of chronic inflammation in patients, decreases in TNF-𝛼 and IL-1𝛼	[6]
	BIFICO (3 bifidobacteria species)	Prevention of flare-ups of chronic ulcerative colitis, inactivation of NF-𝜅B, decreased expressions of TNF-𝛼 and IL-1𝛽 and elevated expression of IL-10	[7]
	L. salivarius ssp. salivarius CECT5713	Recovery of inflamed tissue in TNBS model of rat colitis, increase in TNF-𝛼 and iNOS (inducible NO synthase) expression	[8]
	L. fermentum, L.reuteri	Improvement of histology in a TNBS model of rat colitis, decreased levels of TNF-𝛼 and i-NOS expression	[9]
	L. casei Shirota	Improvement in murine chronic inflammatory bowel disease, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IFN-γ	[10]
	L. casei DN-114 001	Reduction in numbers of activated T lymphocytes in the lamina propria of Crohn’s disease mucosa, decrease of IL-6 and TNF-α	[11]
	L. plantarum 299v	Decreased IL-12, IFN-γ and IG2a at the mucosal level of specific pathogen free IL-10 KO mice. Decreased mesenteric lymph node IL-12 and IFN-γ production as well as histologic colitis scores in the pretreatment of GF mice that were exposed to normal flora.	[12]
	L. rhamnosus GG	Alleviating intestinal inflammation, decrease TNF-𝛼.; Specific inhibition of macrophages TNF-𝛼 production by a contact independent mechanism	[13, 14]
	L. salivarus UCC118	Reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines in IL-10 KO mice injected subcutaneously with the probiotic strain	[15]
Microbiota alteration	L. salivarus UCC118	Reduction of C.perfringes, coliforms and enterococcus levels in IL-10 KO mice	[16]
		Production of a peptide that inhibits a broad range of pathogens such as Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Listeria and Salmonella species	[17]
	L reuteri	Decreased concentration of colonic Lactobacillus species and increased concentration of mucosal adherent bacteria associated with colitis attenuation	[18]
	VSL#3	Delayed relapse into pouchitis after surgical resection in human patients	[19]
		Decreased luminal pH in patients with UC that antagonizes pathogenic bacteria	[20]
		Reduced counts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in pouchitis	[21]
		Delayed relapse into pouchitis after surgical resection	[22]
Unknown	L. rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus Lc705, P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and B. breve Bb99	Alleviating irritable bowel syndrome symptoms	[23]
	B. and L. plantarum	Improvement of the disease activity index in an induced rat colitis model	[24]
	L. rhamnosus GG	Improvement in the clinical status in children with mildly to moderately active stable Crohn’s disease	[25]
	L. casei Shirota	Improvement in the clinical condition of murin DSS model of ulcerative colitis	[26]