Abstract
A classic second-order coupled-capacitor Chebyshev bandpass filter using resonator of tunable active capacitor and inductor is presented. The low cost and small size of CMOS active components make the bandpass filter (BPF) attractive in fully integrated CMOS applications. The tunable active capacitor is designed to compensate active inductor’s resistance for resistive match in the resonator. In many design cases, more than 95% resistive loss is cancelled. Meanwhile, adjusting design parameter of the active component provides BPF tunability in center frequency, pass band, and pass band gain. Designed in 1.8 V 180 nanometer CMOS process, the BPF has a tuning frequency range of 758–864 MHz, a controllable pass band of 7.1–65.9 MHz, a quality factor of 12–107, a pass band gain of 6.5–18.1 dB, and a stopband rejection of 38–50 dB.
1. Introduction
The rapid development of complementary metal-of-semiconductor (CMOS) endues the integrated circuit with small size and low cost in both digital and analog applications. A wireless communication system mainly consists of three components: mixer, bandpass filter, and low noise amplifier. The bandpass filter blocks unwanted signals and selects desirable signal matched to different pass band mixers, that is, 1,920–1,980 MHz of WCDMA, 890–960 MHz of GSM, 1,575 MHz of GPS L1 BPF, and 2,400–2,483 MHz of 802.11b/g. Bandpass filter with high and good selectivity of center frequency and bandwidth is desirable in today’s applications. The LC based passive bandpass filter has been used for several decades; however, when applied to the nanotechnology CMOS integrated circuit it confronts limitations. For example, the degraded performance of CMOS spiral inductor due to its significant resistive loss reduces BPF quality factor and restrains the gain and bandwidth [1, 2]. Inductors are bulky and expensive, significantly increasing the instability of integration and manufacturing cost. Tunable AC achieves in a wide capacitive range from 40 fF to 1 pF [1, 3] and tunable AI achieves in a wide inductive range from 1 nH to 300 nH [4]. Therefore, using AC and AI to produce a small size and low cost BPF with tunable gain, tunable center frequency, and tunable bandwidth is a feasible and cost-effective solution. For this reason, eliminating resistive loss in AI will improve BPF quality factor.
Reducing resistive loss in the Chebyshev bandpass filter has been presented in improvement on pass band gain, bandwidth, and center frequency [1, 2, 5–8]. The tapped-inductor compensates the inductor resistive loss and adds an additional shunt feedback passive inductor to operate in the K-band [2]. The transformer-based passive inductor produces a frequency-dependent negative resistance for resistive loss compensation [8]. It operates at a center frequency of 2,368 MHz and a bandwidth of 60 MHz. But passive inductors make area much larger than active BPFs [5–7]. Inserting a gyrator-C based active inductor in a resonator demonstrates BPF applications at different frequency ranges [6, 7]. However, the BPF operating frequencies and bandwidths are not tunable. In [5] the BPF is designed to compensate frequency-dependent resistive loss for tunable center frequency. However, the complex structure consumes large area and power consumption. In [1] the BPF design incorporates an active capacitor with negative resistance to offset the resistive loss for large bandwidth. However, its tunability is limited due to mismatch between active capacitor’s negative resistance and spiral inductor’s positive resistance.
In this paper, a new BPF using tunable active capacitor and inductor is presented. Self-negative resistance of active capacitor is designed to compensate the positive resistance of active inductor, independent of signal frequency within its tunable range. Meanwhile, adjusting design parameters of the active component can control tunability of center frequency, gain, and bandwidth. The paper is organized as follows. Sections 2 and 3 discuss the principle design and operation of active capacitor and active inductor. Section 4 presents a compensation structural resonator using active capacitor and active inductor. This section also unfolds the performance of the BPF using the resonator. Finally, summary of this work and comparison with previous work are presented.
2. Tunable Active Capacitor in BPF
2.1. Large Signal Analysis of AC
The first active capacitor (AC) with negative resistance was demonstrated in [3]. The paper [1] adopted this AC structure and designed it in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. In this section we extend the AC design principle to make it tunable and compensate resistive loss of the resonator in BPF. The active capacitor and its equivalent circuit are shown in Figure 1. The AC is designed by the cross-coupled pair of and and the resistive load . is controlled by . is determined by and and is controlled by . In our design principle, we keep to make in saturation and keep to make in saturation. So, .
2.2. Small Signal Analysis of AC
The AC small signal model and its equivalent circuit are depicted in Figure 2. is almost the sum of and as is small and , which expresses the relationship between and . An easier way to analyze the small signal model is to set and is controlled by transistor parameters.
We continue to analyze the small signal model shown in Figure 2.Therefore,So, the current source can be flipped to opposite direction without changing the symbol. Also, . The admittance from the input port is determined by . is the reference voltage shown in Figure 1. The branch currents and areAt the reference point,Therefore,So,
From (7) expressing the negative resistance is controlled by the transconductance , transconductance , and transconductance and the capacitance is determined by the gate-to-source capacitance of NMOS transistors. Adjusting these parameters will produce different negative resistance and capacitance values, which can be used to compensate the resistive loss of inductor.
2.3. AC Simulations
Figures 3 and 4 unfold the fact that tuning (from 1.6 V to 2.3 V) produces different capacitance values (from 128 fF to 175 fF) and negative resistance values (from −183 Ω to −338 Ω). For our applications, increasing will increase the capacitance value and decreases the negative resistance value. In the meantime, both capacitance and negative resistance values are stable and almost constant in a specific frequency range. For example, when varies from 1.6 V to 1.7 V, the capacitance increases from 128 fF to 148 fF and the negative resistance decreases from −338 Ω to −228 Ω (i.e., the corresponding negative conductance increases from −2.96 mS to −4.38 mS). The capacitance and negative resistance values are stable and constant in 3,859 MHz and 2,486 MHz frequency range, respectively.
3. Tunable Active Inductor in BPF
3.1. Gyrator-C Active Inductor (AI)
Several active inductors have been proposed [4, 9–18]. Most are designed on the basis of the gyrator-C topology: () single-ended active inductors [9–13] and () differential active inductors [14–17]. A lossy single-ended gyrator-C active inductor is presented in Figure 5 to demonstrate how its structure performs an inductive function without use of any spiral inductors. The proposed active inductor is shown in Figure 6. Its structure is on the basis of the single-ended gyrator-C and its tunable active inductor [4]. Figure 7 shows its small signal model.
In Figure 5, and are the transconductance. and are the total conductance at nodes B and A, respectively. So, is the sum of the output impedance of and the input impedance of . Similarly, is the sum of the output impedance of and the input impedance of . and are the total capacitance at nodes B and A, respectively.
At node A,
At node B,
From node A, the input impedance equals
Compared with the simplified model of RLC circuit,
3.2. Signal Analysis of AI
Two pairs of current mirrors and are used in Figure 6. Both gate voltages of and are controllable by tuning , , , and , which controls current of and . , , and control small signal parameters like , , , , and .
For the small signal model of the proposed active inductor, the input impedance equals is extracted from (13):Assume .So,Compared with the simplified model in Figure 5, it is shown that and .
From the above analysis, and are functions of , , , , , , , and . Both are controllable by changing the large signal bias conditions as discussed in this section.
3.3. AI Simulations
Figures 8 and 9 show inductance and resistance values by tuning the DC bias voltage. The inductance varies from 1 to 300 nH and resistance varies from 43 to 344 Ω. As shown in the plot, the highest inductive frequency range is achieved at 5,156 MHz with a peak inductance of 23 nH. By means of adjusting the bias conditions, different inductance and resistance values can be produced for different applications in a specific inductive frequency range. Figure 9 shows the tunable resistance. For example, when the active inductance value is adjusted from 1 nH to 300 nH, the resistance value changes from 344 Ω to 107 Ω and the frequency range is from 275 MHz to 770 MHz.
4. Chebyshev BPF Using Active Capacitor and Inductor
4.1. Design
The 2nd-order active BPF is designed based on the classic Chebyshev BPF structure [19–21]. The Chebyshev BPF has inferior selectivity due to the poor stopband rejection level. To improve selectivity in wide bandwidth, techniques of introducing transmission zeros to increase stopband by adding shunt capacitor, serial inductor, or shunt inductor have been presented [22–25]. The active BPF proposed in this research is shown in Figure 10. Two resonators are designed using active capacitor and active inductor in which the negative resistance of active capacitor compensates the resistive loss of active inductor as shown in Figure 11. The resistance compensation is optimized at the center frequency of 758 MHz. It achieves a gain of 18.1 dB, a factor of 107, and a stopband rejection of 50 dB. The BPF performance is shown in Figure 12. In Figure 10, is added to produce the DC bias voltage and block the AC signal; is added to bypass the AC signal and block the DC current. Figure 13 depicts capacitance versus frequency (before and after using and ). Figure 14 depicts conductance versus frequency (before and after using and ). As shown in Figures 13 and 14, after adding and , the capacitance and negative conductance values are stable and almost constant in the frequency range [758 MHz, 864 MHz]. In Figure 10, after applying a DC supply voltage and a resistor , a DC bias voltage (0.9 V) is obtained at . Figure 15 depicts inductance versus frequency (before and after using ) and Figure 16 shows resistance versus frequency (before and after using ).
As shown in Figures 15 and 16, after adding , the inductance and its positive resistance are slightly changed. The reason is explained below. From the analysis of the small signal equivalent model in Figure 11, , , and constitute a RLC parallel circuit.
In Figure 11(b), the admittance of this RLC parallel circuit equals
If is large enough, can be neglected. In Figure 11(c), if is large enough, thenIt means the effect of can be neglected. On the other hand, and do not take part in the performance of BPF.
By adjusting , the input DC voltage of the active inductor can be adjusted to a desirable bias value accordingly. is in parallel with and . Giving a large and , as shown in Figure 11(c).
In order to find a match between the negative resistance and the positive resistance, in series with is changed to in parallel with where is quality factor of the active inductor.
4.2. Performance Evaluation
The active inductor in this application provides a relative fixed value of inductance and resistance. By adjusting the bias voltage , a tunable capacitance of the active capacitor is obtained, which makes this BPF tunable. Figure 17 displays the BPF tunability for the center frequency [758 MHz, 864 MHz], the 3 dB bandwidth [7.1 MHz, 65.9 MHz], the gain [6.5 dB, 18.1 dB], the stopband rejection [38 dB, 50 dB], and the quality factor .
It is observed from Figure 17 that when is decreased (from the lower bound to the upper bound), the gain is decreased, and the 3 dB bandwidth is increased. At the center frequency of 758 MHz (red plot), the resistance loss of the active inductor is nearly cancelled by the negative resistance of the active capacitor, leading to an ideal resonator in the circuit.
Table 1 presents detailed analysis of six BPF center frequency cases (758 MHz, 770 MHz, 778 MHz, 800 MHz, 844 MHz, and 864 MHz) in Figure 17. In the active inductor column, , , and are the BPF design values; and are the analysis values calculated from (19) and (20). In the active capacitor column, and are the BPF design values. Applying the and values, the theoretical center frequency is then calculated from (21). The BPF column presents quality factor, pass band gain, and bandwidth. By comparing the theoretical and the measured the error percentage is about 1%. By comparing the analysis value and the design value the error percentage is less than 5%, which shows that the resistive loss of active inductor is almost cancelled by negative resistance of active capacitor.
Table 2 summarizes this and past work of classic Chebyshev bandpass filter. As shown in this table, the pass band gain, stopband rejection, and quality factor of the tunable BPF are much higher than those of most of the other works.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, a classic Chebyshev BPF adopting active capacitor and active inductor for tunability, low cost, and smaller size is presented. The tunability of BPF center frequency and pass band is achieved by controlling the active capacitance, which is tunable by adjusting the DC bias voltage. The negative resistance of active capacitor compensates 95% above the resistive loss of active inductor in the tunable center frequency range. A pass band gain of 18.1 dB and stopband rejection of 50 dB are obtained at the center frequency 758 MHz. The BPF achieves a high quality factor of 12–107 and a high stopband rejection of 38–50 dB.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.