Causes of Mortality and Diseases in Farmed Deer in Switzerland

Table 2

Congenital malformations in farmed deer from Switzerland (2003-2004) and their role in the process of death.

Malformation	Cause of death	Predisposing factor	Secondary finding
Skeletal malformatio${\text{n}}^{(\text{a})}$	2	1	1
Palatoschisis		1
Diaphragmal hernia	1		1
Liver malformatio${\text{n}}^{(\text{b})}$	1		3
Ventricle septum defect	1

${}_{}{}^{(\text{a})}\text{S}$hortened limbs and malformed cranium (2); contracted carpal joints alone (1) or together with malformed scapulae and humeri, and weakened bones with prenatal fractures (1).
${}_{}{}^{(\text{b})}\text{B}$iliary atresia with marked cholestasis and diffuse dissecting fibrosis.