Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin in Healthy and Renal Damaged Muscovy Ducks following Intravenous and Oral Administration

Table 1

Pharmacokinetic parameters of levofloxacin in healthy and renal damaged ducks after a single IV administration of 10 mg kg⁻¹ bwt (𝑛=6).

Parameter	Unit	Healthy	Renal damaged
𝐶^𝑜	𝜇g mL^−1	15.27±1.08	18.33±0.56^∗
A	𝜇g mL^−1	10.20±0.60	11.51±0.40
B	𝜇g mL^−1	5.05±0.5	6.81±0.4^∗
𝛼	h^−1	2.35±0.19	2.09±0.21
𝛽	h^−1	0.25±0.01	0.15±0.02^∗∗
𝐾12	h^−1	1.03±0.11	1.01±0.11
𝐾21	h^−1	0.94±0.08	0.87±0.09
𝐾12/𝐾21	Ratio	1.09±0.04	1.17±0.06
𝑡1/2(𝛼)	h	0.30±0.02	0.33±0.04
𝑡1/2(𝛽)	h	2.76±0.10	4.71±0.54^∗∗
Vdss	L kg^−1	1.37±0.07	1.18±0.04^∗
Cl(tot)	L kg^−1h^−1	0.41±0.04	0.20±0.02^∗
AUC	𝜇g mL^−1h^−1	24.43±2.46	52.01±8.34^∗
AUMC	𝜇g mL^−1h^−2	81.81±12.21	323.55±94.57^∗
MRT	h	3.34±0.16	6.13±0.76^∗∗

^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01.
𝐶^𝑜: concentration at zero time (immediately after single IV administration); A, B: zero-time intercepts of the biphasic disposition curve; 𝛼, 𝛽: hybrid rate constants representing the slopes of distribution and elimination phases, respectively; 𝐾₁₂: first-order constant for transfer from central to peripheral compartment; 𝐾₂₁: first-order constant for transfer from peripheral to central compartment; 𝑡_1/2(𝛼): distribution half-life; 𝑡_1/2(𝛽): elimination half-life; Vd_ss: volume of distribution at steady state; Cl_(tot): total body clearance; AUC: area under serum concentration-time curve; AUMC: area under moment curve; MRT: mean residence time.