Evaluation of Analgesic Effect of Caudal Epidural Tramadol, Tramadol-Lidocaine, and Lidocaine in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis)

Figure 3

Mean heart rate (beats/minute) after epidural analgesia of tramadol, tramadol-lidocaine combination, and lidocaine in buffalo calves (mean ± SD in 10 calves). Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean.