Evaluation of Analgesic Effect of Caudal Epidural Tramadol, Tramadol-Lidocaine, and Lidocaine in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis)

Table 1

Anesthetic indices of epidurally administered tramadol (1.0 mg/kg), tramadol-lidocaine (0.5 and 0.11 mg/kg, resp.), and lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) in buffalo calves (mean ± SD; ).

Indices	Tramadol	Tramadol-lidocaine	Lidocaine
Onset of analgesia (min)	11 ± 2	6 ± 2	4 ± 1
Duration of analgesia (min)	208 ± 15	168 ± 9	67 ± 13

Significant differences between onset of tramadol alone with lidocaine and tramadol-lidocaine combination. Significant differences between duration of lidocaine alone with tramadol-lidocaine combination and tramadol alone. Significant differences between duration of tramadol-lidocaine combination and lidocaine alone.