Research Article

Elephant (Elephas maximus) Health and Management in Asia: Variations in Veterinary Perspectives

Table 9


Date: —————————————————
(11) On average, how many elephants that you checked regularly (at least 2 times a year) had evidence of the following:0–19%20–39%40–59%60–79%80–100%

No visible signs of diseases or disorders
Systemic illness
Upper respiratory disease
Lower respiratory disease
Weight loss
Diarrhea
Other intestinal problems such as colic or constipation
Ectoparasites, such as lice, mites, and ticks
Skin disease caused by reasons other than ectoparasites
Microscopic detection of infestation with endoparasites
Shedding endoparasites with feces
Eye disease
Oral disease
Tusk or molar problems
Trunk disease
Simple foot problems (overgrown toenails or foot pads, simple cracks or
splits in nails and pad without infection and lameness)
Complicated foot problems (pad and nail infections, serious injuries,
pain, swelling, and lameness)
Non-foot lameness
Wounds other than skin lesions
Infant mortality
Reproductive problems
Reduced endurance for work
Reduced appetite
Stereotypical behavior
(11b) Have you conducted any postmortem examinations (necropsies) or witnessed the conduction of these examinations in elephants?
   □ No   □ Yes
(11c) If yes, how many cases per year?  ————————————————
   What were the major pathological findings in these examinations?
   “undetermined” can be listed as a finding
   (1) ——————————————
   (2) ——————————————
   (3) ——————————————
   (4) ——————————————
   (5) ——————————————
   (6) ——————————————