Research Article

Role of Personality in Behavioral Responses to New Environments in Captive Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica)

Table 10

Ethogram.
(a)

State behaviourDescription

Out of sight (OOS)Beyond one’s range of vision
Decubitus–dorsal (DD)Lays down on the dorsum
Decubitus–lateral (LD)Lays down laterally
Decubitus–lateral–legs raised (DLLR)Lays down laterally, one back leg raised
Decubitus–sternal (SD)Lays down on the sternum
Sternal–sphynx (SPH)Lays down on the sternum, back legs parallel and orientated forward
Sternal–lunula (LUN)Lays down on the sternum, legs put to one side
Ears forward (EF)Ears oriented forward
Ears backwards (EB)Ears oriented backward
Facing conspecific (FC)Stares at another animal of the same species
Facing observer (FO)Stares at the observer
Facing public (FP)Stares at the public
Proximity to conspecific–body length (BL)Within one body length of other animal
Proximity to conspecific–far (F)More than one body length away from the other animal
Proximity to conspecific–contact (C)In body contact with conspecific
Sitting (SIT)Upright position, all four feet on ground, front legs straight, back legs folded
Standing (STA)Stands with all four legs extended, paws on the ground, immobile

(b)

Event behaviourDescription

Allogroom (AG X) x is the animalLicks the fur of a conspecific
Allogroomed (AGD b X)Has the fur licked by a conspecific
Bare teeth (BAT X a) a for activeAnimal opens its mouth and pulls the lips back, exposing its teeth
Receiving bare teeth (BAT X p) p for passiveIs on the receiving end of bared teeth
Bite (BT X)Mouth closes on object or conspecific
Bitten (BT b X)Is bitten by conspecific
Belly up (B UP)Animal lies on its back with throat and belly exposed to the opponent
Belly up defensive posture (B UP DP)Animal lies on its back with bared teeth, all four paws up with claws unsheathed
Chase (CH X)Runs after conspecific or other being/object
Chased (CHD b X)Pursued by conspecific
Climb up (CU)Ascends an object or structure
Climb down (CD)Descends an object or structure
Defensive open mouth (DOM X)Mouth wide open in defensive stance
Drink (DR)Lapps up water and swallows
Defecate (DF)Relieves colon, releases faeces
Eat (EAT)Ingests food by chewing and swallowing
Eat grass (EAG)Ingest grass by chewing
Stretching (STR)Extend all body and forelegs forward and put the back and tail up
Fight (F X)Assaults conspecific
Assaulted (ASS b X)Is assaulted by conspecific
Jump on (JM)Attack suddenly and forcefully jump on the back of conspecific
Paw (PW)Strike with the paw someone else
Flehmen (FH)Sniffs, then lift head with open mouth, breath in, eyes almost closed and upper lip curled
Head butt (HB X)Briefly pushes/bumps its head against a conspecific’s head
Head butted (HB b X)Has is head briefly bumped by a conspecific’s head
Scratch (SRT)Damage and mark the surface of by scraping with nails
Lick object (LO)Protrudes tongue from the mouth and strokes object with it
Lick lips (LL)Protrudes tongue from the mount and lick lips
Pace (PC)Repetitive locomotion in a fixed pattern
Head shake (HSH)Repetitive move of the head with short and quick movements
Circling (CIR)Repetitive locomotion in a circle around
Twitch (TW)Moving with a sudden, quick and short movements as reaction to something/someone
Move backwards (MB b X)Moving backwards with ears backwards and head down as reaction to someone
Play object (PLO)Interacts with objects
Play with conspecific (PL X a)Initiates interaction with conspecific in a nonharmful manner (chasing, jumping, wrestling, etc.) and gets no response
Play with conspecific and is reciprocated (PL X)Initiates interaction with conspecific in a nonharmful manner (chasing, jumping, wrestling, etc.) and gets some response
Played by conspecific (PL X p)Passive receiver of conspecific play
Roll (RO)Lying on the ground, the animal rotates its body from side to side; during the roll, the back is rubbed against ground, the belly is exposed and all paws are in the air
Rub–Body (RB)Rubs body on conspecific or object
Rub–Head (RH)Rubs head on conspecific or object
Rubbed (RBD)Rubbed by a conspecific
Self-groom (SG)Licks own fur
Sniff (SNF)Smells by inhaling air through the nose
Spray (SP)Stands with tail raised vertically and releases a jet of urine backwards against a vertical surface or object.
Stalk (STL)Usually slow, forward locomotion with back and head slightly lowered and eyes focused on the stalked individual/object
Stare (STR)Looks fixedly to something/someone
Tail up (TU)Tail is held vertically, in a upright position
Tail slash (TS)Standing or moving with tail bent over body, slashing
Tail tip (TT)Prolonged, repeated movement of tip of the tail
Tail twitch (T TW)A rapid flick of the tail in either a side to side or up to down motion
Urinate (U)Releases urine, standing or squatting
VocalizationProduces sounds or calls with is mouth/throat
Vocalization–chuff (CHF)Cat expels jets of air through the nose creating a low-intensity, soft, pulsed sound, described as being similar to the snorting of a horse
Vocalization–grunt/cough (GRT)Short, throaty call, characterized by the deep contraction and expansion of the diaphragm
Vocalization–growl (GRL)A low-pitched, throaty, rumbling noise produced while the mouth is closed
Vocalization–hiss (HS)A drawn-out, low-intensity hissing sound produced by rapid expulsion of air from the cat’s mouth, usually during exhalation
Vocalization–roar (RO)Long, throaty, high intensity call
Vocalization–syndetic call (SC)Amiable call with the purpose of gather or appease conspecifics
Walk (WK)Forward locomotion at a slow gait
Run (RU)Forward locomotion at a quick gait
Warning bite (W BT X)Snap teeth in response to an unwelcomed closing individual
Yawn (YN)The mouth is opened widely, the head tips back, lips are pulled back so that the teeth are exposed
Look around (LOA)Turn one’s eyes toward something or in some direction in order to see
Crouch (CR)Bend close to the ground or stoop low for lay down
Crouch for other lion (CR X)Stoop low and lays down on the sternum with ears backwards, head down or open mouth for submit to someone
Dive in (DIN)Plunge into water and stay in the water
Breeding behaviours
Mount (MT)Moves on top of conspecific in the attempt to copulate
Nape bite (N BT)The male performs an inhibited nape bite, where he will place his mouth on or around the back of the female’s neck at the moment of, or just after, ejaculation, but is unlikely to actually bite down
Being mounted (BM)Is mounted by other lion
Sniff anogenital (SNA)Smells the anogenital region of conspecific