|
| Hepatocyte damage |
| (i) Degenerative—hypoxia due to anemia or congestion and cholelithiasis |
| (ii) Metabolic—lipidosis or fat cow syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and equine hyperlipidemia |
| (iii) Neoplastic—lymphoma and metastatic neoplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma |
| (iv) Inflammatory |
| (a) infectious—bacterial and necrotic hepatitis, cholangiohepatitis, and hepatic abscess |
| (b) noninfectious—Theiler’s disease, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis |
| (v) Toxic—iron toxicity, alkaloid-containing plants, and aflatoxins |
| Muscle damage: skeletal or cardiac muscle (mostly skeletal) |
| (vi) Degenerative—hypoxia due to exertion or seizures, exertional rhabdomyolysis, and saddle thrombus |
| (vii) Metabolic and nutritional—feline hyperthyroidism and vitamin E or selenium deficiency |
| (viii) Neoplastic—metastatic neoplasia |
| (ix) Inherited—musculodystrophy and hyperkalemic myopathy |
| (x) Inflammatory—myositis (Neospora and Toxoplasma), bacteria, or other agents |
| (xi) Toxic—monensin, castor bean, and gossypol |
| (xii) Traumatic—intramuscular injection, hit-by-car, recumbency, seizures, and exertion |
| Haemolysis (or prolonged serum contact with erythrocytes) |
|
