Short-Range Cooperation of Mobile Devices for Energy-Efficient Vertical Handovers

Figure 4

((a) and (b)) Simulation and model-based average energy consumption of the cooperation-assisted VHO mechanism compared to that of the conventional VHO scheme for various network loads and device densities. ((c) and (d)) Energy breakdown of cooperation-assisted VHO mechanism.

(a) MNs in class I

(b) MNs in class II

(c) MNs in class I

(d) MNs in class II