Past Results, Present Trends, and Future Challenges in Intrabody Communication

Table 5

Comparison of capacitive intrabody communication systems developed using discrete components.

Institution	Authors	Year	Coupling amplitude	Carrier frequency	Modulation	Data rate b/s	Power consumption	Application	Reference
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA	Zimmerman	1995	30 V	330 kHz	OOK	2.4 k	1.5 mW	Consumer electronic and media devices (head-sets, microphones, cameras, speakers, identification devices, PDAs, mobile phones, keyboards, etc.); medical devices	[5, 7]
	Post et al.	1997	10 V	70 kHz	FSK	9.6 k		Personal applications, business settings, in a hospital	[53]
NTT Human Interface Laboratories, Japan	Fukumoto and Shinagawa	2005	21 V	90 kHz	FM	0.1 k	1.75 mW	Finger-tip typing detection	[54]
NTT/DoCoMo, Japan	Shinagawa et al.	2004	25 V	10 MHz	OOK	10 M	650 mW	Secure systems, intelligent transportation systems, medical information systems, production and work-management systems, payment and settlement systems	[15, 55]
Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hosei University, Japan	Kado et al.	2012		6.75 MHz	BPSK	420 k	wearable TX: 3 V battery for a year	Human Area Networking (HAN) technology: office applications, train ticketing, hospitals	[54, 56–60]
University of Washington, USA	Partridge et al.	2001	22 V	140–180 kHz	FSK	38.4 k		Transceiver incorporated in a belt, wrist strap, a shoe, a PDA	[32]
Chiba University, Japan	Fujii et al.	2003	3 V	10 MHz	OOK			IBC transmission mechanisms clarification	[41, 61]
University of Tokyo, Japan	Hachisuka et al.	2006	1 V	10.7 MHz	FSK	9.6 k		Healthcare, electronic money transactions, exchange of business data, music files sharing	[33, 62–64]
IMEC, Belgium	Schenk et al.	2008		2.4 GHz	UWB		21 μA, 3 V	Physiological signals monitoring	[65–67]
University of Zagreb, Croatia	Lučev et al.	2009	1.15 V	1 MHz	FM	64 k		Electromyography monitoring system	[44, 68, 69]
	Grilec et al.	2016	max. 4 V	120 kHz	BPSK	123 k		Single chip IBC implementation	[70, 71]
Beijing Institute of Technology, China	Song et al.	2012		2–30 MHz (8 MHz optimal)	DBPSK			Healthcare and the other related fields	[72–76]
Tokai University, Tohoku University, Japan	Okamoto et al.	2013		4 MHz, 10 MHz	ASK	115 k	125 mW	A transcutaneous communication system (TCS) for monitoring and controlling artificial hearts and other artificial organs	[77, 78]
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China	Xu et al.	2011	0.186 VRMS	20–100 MHz	QPSK	10 M		Evaluation of a capacitive IBC channel	[19, 20]
Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, China	Nie et al.	2012	0 dBm	45 MHz	OOK	2 M		Dynamic capacitive channel characterization	[79–82]
Fuzhou University, China	Gao et al.	2015	3 V	6 MHz and 9 MHz	Multi-carrier OOK	57.6 k		Human posture detection	[83, 84]
Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan	Shi et al.	2011	−15 dBm	10–60 MHz	Impulse radio OOK	1.25 M	4.8 mW	Healthcare and medical applications (wearable electrocardiogram)	[85–87]
Tsinghua University, China	Mao et al.	2016	0 dBm	21, 40 or 60 MHz			198 μW	Analysis of the return signal path loss using a self-adaptive capacitive compensation technique	[88, 89]