USPF: Underwater Shrewd Packet Flooding Mechanism through Surrogate Holding Time

Table 2

Varying temperature effects on acoustic channel.

S. No	Area focused	Findings	Sound speed effects due to temperature
01	Underwater routing challenges	The higher the ocean temperature, the greater the speed of sound, but lower in cold ocean. The speed of sound advances 4 m/s when water increases by 1^oC.	Increase with temperature
02	Underwater wireless communication problems	Reflection and refraction affect the acoustic communication in shallow water regarding ambient noise and temperature gradients.	Affects communication
03	Underwater transmission faces hindrance by temperature variation	Factors like salinity, depth, and temperature affect the speed of sound, which ultimately affect underwater transmission.	Variation in speed
04	Variable depth and temperature have unequal channel capacity	At a short distance, with the increase of temperature, having higher channel capacity	Improves throughput
05	Underwater channel simulation	Sea surface temperature gets higher and gets down at depth. When temperature, depth, and salinity vary they also affect the velocity of sound.	Increases with temperature
06	Mathematical equation for sound speed in the oceans	Temperature remains a dominating factor that has effect on the sound speed.	Increases with temperature