On Blockchain and IoT Integration Platforms: Current Implementation Challenges and Future Perspectives

Table 6

Taxonomy of blockchain scalability solutions and how they impact blockchain.

Proposed technology	References	Claimed TPS	Layer	Category	Notes
Plasma	Poon and Buterin [76]	5000	Layer 2	Side chain	Side chain is created for faster transactions. Only completed and validated blocks from the side chain are added on to the main chain.
Sharding	Li et al. [22], Klarman et al. [143], Zamani et al. [144], Kokoris-Kogias et al. [145], Luu et al. [146]	45000	Layer 1	On-chain	Partition blockchain into K-independent subchains to have smaller full replication systems for faster transactions.
Raiden red eyes	[147]	1000000	Layer 2	Payment channel	Payment solution that allows one to run smart contracts off-chain.
Lightning network	Poon and Dryja [142]	1000000	Layer 2	Payment channel	Solution uses cross-chain atomic swabs and has been tested on the bitcoin blockchain.
Jidar	Dai et al. [148]	—	Layer 1	Block data (data storage size reduction)	A data reduction approach for Bitcoin system. The main idea of Jidar is to allow users only to store relevant data they are interested in and thus release the storage pressure of each node.
Erlay	Naumenko et al. [149]	—	Layer 0	Data propagation (bandwidth savings)	Reduce the overall bandwidth consumption while increasing the propagation latency.
bloXroute	Klarman et al. [143]	200000	Layer-0	Data propagation	Helps individual nodes to propagate transactions and blocks more quickly.