Research Article
China’s Energy Demand Forecasting Based on the Hybrid PSO-LSSVR Model
| | Time series | | Critical value of 0.05 | | Conclusion |
| | ED | -0.23 | -2.972 | 0.935 | Nonstationary | | GDP | 3.547 | -2.941 | 1 | Nonstationary | | POP | -2.395 | -2.972 | 0.143 | Nonstationary | | CCR | -0.192 | -2.976 | 0.939 | Nonstationary | | RCL | 1.161 | -2.981 | 0.996 | Nonstationary | | D (ED, 2) | -4.147 | -2.976 | | Stationary | | D (GDP, 2) | -8.273 | -2.944 | | Stationary | | D (POP, 2) | -4.801 | -2.981 | | Stationary | | D (CCR, 2) | -10.992 | -2.976 | | Stationary | | D (RCL, 2) | -3.449 | -3.042 | | Stationary |
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