| | S. no. | Mobile sensor | Application |
| | a | Camera sensors | Mostly used to capture images of both user(s) and its surrounding with numerous applications—such as user recognition, recognizing user(s) inclination and its surrounding context [48]
Can be exploited in teacher orchestration, for example, student head-movement detection, body pose, and facial expression estimation for better performance [15, 49–51] | | b | Microphone sensor | Used to capture voice(s) generated in the surrounding, either by the user itself or other objects with numerous applications—such as voice identification system, accident detection, and spying system
A microphone sensor has been used in the classroom to detect voice level created by student and teacher and for discourse analysis among student(s) or between teacher(s) and student(s). In education and teacher orchestration, microphone sensor has also been used in affective student modeling [52], teaching and learning [47], teacher-student dialogue recognition [53], etc. | | c | Ambient light sensor | Used to measure the light intensity of the surrounding atmosphere, with numerous applications—such as environmental pollution monitoring systems, weather forecasting systems, and picture capturing systems
In teacher orchestration, ambient light sensors can be exploited to measure the light level of the classroom for the healthy projection of light [54, 55] and students-to-board focus | | d | Accelerometer sensor + gyroscope sensor | Used to measure movements, acceleration information of users, angles, and inclination with numerous applications—such as old people healthcare systems, automatic traffic accident detection systems, and games [56, 57]
In teacher orchestration, an accelerometer sensor has been used in measuring student-teacher communication [58], assessment of voice quality among college students [59], etc. | | e | Proximity sensor | Used to detect objects with numerous applications—such as blind people guidance systems for navigating them through the pattern of their steps | | f | GPS sensor | GPS sensor is used in several capacities ranging from general navigation, tourist assistive system, helping soldier in the battlefield, etc.
GPS sensor has been used in orchestration too; for instance, Sun et al. [60] showed how GPS can be used to increase self-efficacy, self-regulation, and student achievement. Also, GPS can be used for indoor location or seat mapping | | g | Compass sensor | Usually used to measure phones or user’s location and their direction |
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